Belrea toxicology

• Emetic for dogs only
• tablet given under eyelid

• Cats only
• Emetic
• IM

• Cat emetic
• quick IV bolus

• Ipecac syrup
• h2o2
• Dish soap (1:8 with water)

• cause vomitting by either
• -causing gastric irriation
• -trigger vomit zone of the brain

• Emisis
• gastric lavage
• activated charcoal
• Cathartics

• Toxiban/ vetamix
• TID/QID 2-3
• vinds to toxin inhibiting Gi absorption

• -promote the clensing of the intestines
• -used with a.charcoal
• -give 30 mins after a. charcoal
• -contraindicated w./ diarrhea, vomitting, neonates and gericatrics

• stimulate evacuation by ^ fecal volume
• -Psyllium methycellulose
• -Bran
• -Metamucil

softens feces and reduces friction

Mineral oil

• ^ H2O content in intestine and ^ motility
• -milk of magnesia
• -Epsom salts

• Increase Peristalisis
• -ducolax

• Toxin: Theobromine
• C/S
• over stimulation of CNS, Cadiotoxicty, Renal Failure

anxiousness,ataxia,V/D,tachycardia,tachyarrythmia, Death, Urinary incontenance hematuria, seizures, coma, abdominal pain

• Tx: general toxin procedure
• +/- diazipam

• Warfarin
• ---Decon
• C/S
• -lethargy ,V/D, anorexia, hemorrhage, melena ,bruising (petichea), pale MM, dyspnea

• 2nd Gen rodenticide
• -quintox, Rampage, Rat-B-Gone
• C/S
• -occur w/in 30 min
• -Mineralization of soft tissues:kidneys Gi, Heart
• ---Acute renal failure

Tx: TX: Fluid diuresis, furosimide (lasix), Prednisone, Salmon Calcitonin

• 2nd Gen.
• -assult, vengence, trounce
• C/S: ataxia, seizures, coma, death w/in 10-24 hrs

TX: Decontamination, whole blood transfusions, Vit. K

• C/S
• -vomit, salivation, facial and paw edema, tachypnea,dyspna,muddy brown MM, death w/in 18-36 hrs

• Antidote; N-acetylcystine (mucomist)
• Cimetidine-helps support the liver
• Vit. C

• causes hepatitius
• C/S lethargy, anorexia, vomit, abdominal pain

• Tx: Decontaminatio
• Cimetidine, Vit C

Batteries,paint,shot gun pellets, fishing sinkers

C/S: GI: vomit, anorexia, abdominal pain Neuro: anxious, seziures , ataxia, blindness

• Tx: remove the lead, hydate to promote renal failure,
• Chelators-molecules bind to metal
• EDTA
• Thiamine

Pennys, oxide ointment, electrical equip, diaper rash ointment

• C/S: acute: vomitting and cns depression
• Chronic: hemolysis, Renal Failure, icterus

tx: remove the zinc, EDTA, supportive care

Anti-freeze, color film processing solution

• C/S 1. 30mins-12hrs animal appears drunk
• 2. 12-24hrs tachycardia, tachipnea
• 3. 24-72hrs signs of renal failure
• Tx: 20% ethanol solution

toxic to cats, causes renal failure

causes GI upset

C/S: Pain @ bite, abdominal rigidity/cramps, Dyspnea, vomitting/ataxia , +/- paralysis Cats may die to abdomen paralysis of the abdomen

tx: antivenom, benedryl, valium +/- Vent. support

C/S: localized itching, blister/bleb , red white and blue lesion, fever, tissue nauseam, tissue necrosis, voided urine that can be dark pink to red color

tx: clean wound, supportive care, analgesics, O2 therapy , sx excision

Sugar substitute

• C/S: 15-30mins
• ---weakness, ataxia, depression, hypoglycemia, hypokaliemia, seizures, coma, liver damage

Tx: decontamination, dextrose/sugar, iv dextrose, iv potassium, moniter liver fx

causes sever sudden hypotension

• changes in pulse quality
• decreased tissue perfusion
• increased HR
• hypothermia
• hypoxia
• decreased mentation
• changes in CRT and MM color

• pt uses compensitory mechanisms to improve cardiac output
• c/s
• rapid crt
• increased HR and RR

• pt requires medical intervention
• c/s
• increased hr
• decreased pulse quality
• muddy mucus membrane
• depression

pt dies no matter what

• c/s
• -lost > 40% blood volume
• -extreme hypotensive
• -tissue necrosis

• 1. Hypovolemic
• 2. Neurogenic
• 3. Cardiogenic
• 4. Endotoxic/septic

pt have low blood volume (hemorrage and dehydration) most common cause of shock

pale white MM

dramatic loss in BP w/ no blood loss, brainstem damage, dark red MM

sever heart failure, zero tissue perfusion, pale mm

• bacterial toxins cause vasodialation
• brick read MM's

• 1 return cardiovascular parameters to norm
• 2 optimal O2 delivery

• corner stone of shock tx
• replacement crystalloids
• -shock dose 70-90 ml/kg (dog) bolus
• 40-60 (cats)
• hypertonic saline
• -shock dose 3-5ml/kg over 3-5min
• Colloids
• -10-40 plasma
• -5-10 ml/kg dog 2-3 cat hetastarch

• maintain o2 saturation
• C/s=hypoxia

• steroids-stabilize all membranes, improve cellular metabolism, decreased capillary permabiliy (leaking of fluids)
• sympathomimetics-when fluids are not enough to increase BP
• ---dopamine & Dobutamine
• Analgesic
• ---morphine NOT Acepromazine

Central venous pressure

• measures hearts ability to pump fluids tthat returned to it
• pre-load

• Dog < 37%
• Cat <30%
• Cattle <24%
• Horses < 32%

reduction in circulating RBCs and Hg

• 1. ^Rbc loss
• 2. ^ destruction (hemolytic)
• 3. decreased production ( aplastic)

• hypovolemia
• --shock

• IMHA
• PFK
• PK
• onion injestion
• zinc toxicosis
• ehrlichia canis
• babesia

• Phosphofructokinase
• -hereditary
• -fragility of the RBCs
• --Common in Springer spaniels
• -Mild hemolysis

• Pyruvate Kinase
• -hereditary
• -much more sever than PFK
• common in
• -westies
• -basinjies
• -beagles
• death by age of 4

• Nutritional deficencys
• drugs
• ---phamotodine
• infection
• chronic dz
• organ disorders (kidneys)
• bone marrow infiltration

• tachycardia
• tachipnea
• bounding pulse
• weakness
• pale mm
• palpate for splenomegly

• spherocytes
• agglutination
• polychromasia
• anisocytosis

tsts for immune mediate anitbodie on rbc surface

• IMT
• drugs
• -heparin
• -NSAIDS
• -Asprin
• Vonwillebran dz
• Hemofillia A-lack clotting factor 8
• Homefillia B-"""
• DIC
• rodenticide tox.

idiopathic causes antiplatelt production

• disseminated intravascular coagulation
• -excellerated clotting response
• -2ndary to anaphlaxis, rodenticides, neoplasia,trauma

• Mild-increased RR and effort
• Moderate/Sever-ncreased rate, moderate effort
• Catastrophic-cyanotic increased RR, contraction of intercostal muscles w/ the abdominal push, foam or blood from trachea

sit w/ elbows abducted, extended head and neck pull back the corners of the mouth

(1:2)

• I > E
• stridor upon inhalation

• consists of bronchi
• I<E 1:6
• large expiratory effort
• wheezing
• abdominal pain

• I=E
• rapid shallow breathing
• ^ effort on both I and E

• rapid shallow breathing
• barrel chested appearance
• cheast and abdominal effort are asyncrinous
• dull muffled heart sounds

Small/lower airway dz

causes- allergens, cleaning chems, infectious agents, usually idiopathic

C/S I:E-1:6, excessive coughing and wheezing,

tx: O2, steroids, bronchodialatiors, antibiotics, nebulizer

• obstruction
• structural deformities-artenoid hypertrophy
• laryengeal paralysis (larpar)

• obstruction
• trauma
• tracheal collapse

• -weakening of cartlaginous rings in the trachea
• --on insp. trachea baloons out, exp. collapses
• --toy breeds

tx-bronchodiators, cough depressants, anti-inflammatorys, SX: place a stent to maint. norm shape

• Pneumonia
• pulmonary contusion
• pulmonary edema

inflam. of the lungs w/ consolidation

• causes-fungal, viral, parasite, allergies
• c/s-cough, muffled breath sounds, crackles and rales, lethergy, exercise intolerance
• tx: antibiotics IV & nebulized, cautious iv fluids, thoraxic copage-pound on chest to losen up

• bruise and clot in the lungs
• usually caused by trauma and leads to hemothorax
• C/s: mild pain, dyspnea, edema, inability to move air
• other complications: thorac laceration,diaphragmatic hernea, pneumothorax

Tx: O2, diuretics (lasix) cautious fluid therapy

• fluid in the lungs and extravascular tissue
• Causes: left sided HF, injury, sepsis 2ndary to kidney failure
• C/s:restlessness, frothy fluid from the nose crackles couch, resp. acidosis, cyanosis

tx: airway suction o2, diuretics (lasix), bronchodialtors

• Pneumothorax
• Pleural effusion
• diaphragmatic hernia
• flail chest

presence of enviornmental air in the pleural space

• causes: trauma, spontaneous, usually caused by a puncture that builds up pressure and leads to a collapsed lung
• C/S:restlessness, painful, dyspnea, cyanosis *decreased or no breath sounds*
• tx: thoracocentesis w/ chest tube

• fluid between visceral pleura and parietal pleura
• causes: all 2ndary: CHF, heartworm, neoplasia, infection, trauma,idopathic
• C/s:dyspnea, restlessnes, cough, ^bronchial sounds,^abdominal effort
• tx: pleural tap

C/s dyspnea, cyanosis, abdominal breathing, shock, or none

tx: stabilaize, fluids and o2

free floating rib from trauma

c/s: pain, dyspnic, short shallow breath, *abnormal chest wall motion*

tx: O2 analgesics, intercostal blocks, pressure wrap, cage rest

• Penetrating captive bolt
• Blow to the head
• gun shot
• cervial dislocation
• decapitation

• measures systolic BP
• 80-13mmhg

measures % of hemoglobin saturated w/ O2

• R. axillary-white
• R. Inguinal-green
• L. Axillary black
• L.Inguinal red
• Chest-tan or brown

• 1. beat faster
• 2.myocardium hypotrophy
• 3. chambers dialate

• CBC
• chem panel
• U/A

doxapram hydrochloride

resp. stimulant

• 1 Establish patient airway
• 2 two sigh breaths
• 3 compressions
• 4 breath
• 5 Drugs or Dfib

• partial pressure o2 concentration
• Norm 85-105mmhg

pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity

Dx's pancreatitis