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cherubicsiren
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Know SEN, SPE, PPV and NPV
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Case-control: compares, measurement?
selected for disease, measured by OR
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What is the Odds Ratio formula?
ad/bc
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Cohort: compares, measurement?
selected for risk factor, measured by RR
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What is the Relative Risk formula?
PPV / c(c+d) = RR
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Cross Sectional Study: compares, measurement?
Prevalence, particular point in time
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Clinical Trial: phases
- I - is it safe?
- 2 - does it work?
- 3 - is it better?
- 4 - postmarketing surveillance
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Formula for Prevalence
total cases / total population at a given time
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Incidence formula
new cases / total population at risk
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Attributable risk formula
AR = PPV - c/c+d
Remember AR has PPV first
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Attributable risk reduction formula
ARR = c/c+d - PPV
Remember that ARR has c/c+d first
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What is the number needed to treat?
1 / ARR
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What is the formula to determine confidence interval?
CI = mean +/- Z (SEM)
Z = 1.96 for a 95% interval
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Precision vs. Accuracy: Describe
Precision - consistent and reproducable - reliable
Accuracy - valid, close to the truth
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Name the 10 types of bias
- Selection
- Recall
- Sampling
- Late-look
- Procedure
- Confounding
- Lead-time
- Pygmalion Effect
- Hawthorne Effect
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Positive skew
mean > median > mode
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Negative skew
mean< median < mode
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Study X shows that vitamin C can prevent coronavirus infection but 10 other studies show no benefit. what type of error?
type 1 error (a)
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Study Y shows that aspirin administration during an MI offers know improvement in patient morbiditiy or mortality. What type of error is present?
Type II B error
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In a normal Gaussian curve, what percentage of people fall 1, 2 and 3 standard deviations?
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How do you determine the standard error of the mean?
SEM = standard deviation / square root of number in study
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Test types: t - test
difference of mean of 2 groups
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Test types: ANOVA
mean difference between 3 or more groups
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Test types: x2 (Chi-Square)
difference between proportions or percentages
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3 stages of disease prevention
- Primary - prevent
- Secondary - early detection
- Tertiary - reduce disability
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Kubler Ross stages of grief
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Grieving
- Acceptance
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Name the order of surrogates if patient is disabled without living will
- Spouse
- Adult children
- Parents
- Siblings
- Other Relatives
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What are the components of the APGAR score?
- Appearance
- Pulse
- Grimace
- Activity
- Respiration
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Early Developmental Milestones: 0-3months
- Rooting Reflex
- Social Smile
- Responds to voice
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Early Developmental Milestones: 7-9 months
- Sits alone, crawls, holds toys
- Stranger anxiety
- Responds to name and simple instructions
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Early Developmental Milestones: 12-15 months
- Walks, Babinski disappears
- Separation anxiety
- Few words
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Early Developmental Milestones: 12-24 months
- Climbs stairs, stacks blocks (3 @ 1 year, 6@ 2 years)
- Moves away from and back to Mom
- Object permanence, 2 word sentences @ 2 years
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Early Developmental Milestones: 24-36 months
- Feeds self, kicks ball
- gender identity
- Toilet Training "Pee at age 3"
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Early Developmental Milestones: 3 years
- Rides tricycle, drawings
- comfortable away from Mom for part of day
- 900 words, complete sentences
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Early Developmental Milestones: 4 years
- buttons, zippers, grooms, stick figure drawing
- cooperative play, imaginary friends
- detailed stories, preposition use
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Name Sleep Stages
- Awake = Beta
- Meditation = Alpha
- Stage I = Theta
- Stage II = Sleep Spindles and K complexes
- Stage III = Delta (night terrors)
- REM = Beta (dreaming, increased brain O2 use)
BATS Drink Blood at night
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Serotonin in the _ nucleus for initiating sleep
Raphe Nucleus
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Imipramine is used to treat _ because it decreases stage 3 sleep
Enuresis (bed wetting)
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What is associated with reduced REM? One of these drugs is treatment for night terrors
EtOh, Benzos, Barbs
Benzo for night terrors/sleepwalking
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In depressed patients there is a _ in REM sleep
Increase
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Cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations
Narcolepsy
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Circadian rhythms are driven by the _ nucleus to control secretion of ACTH, prolactin, melatonin. It causes NE release to stimulate the pituitary gland to produce _.
Suprachiasmatic
Melanin
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Describe what to do with the following APGAR scores:
>7, 4-6, <4
- >7 = good
- 4-6 = assist
- <4 = resuscitate
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When does grief become pathological?
If lasting longer than 2 months, accompanied by hallucinations
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Describe the specs of REM sleep
- 1 ACh initiates
- 2 Increased BP
- 3 PPRF causes extraocular movement
- 4 Penile/Clitoral Tumescence
- 5 Every 90 minutes
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The suprachiasmatic nucleus inhibits secretion of _ and _ which impact the libido.
FSH/LH
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