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What drugs are contraindicated for a glaucoma Pt?
Any that cause mydriasis.
Adrenergic or Anticholinergic
Note that sympatholytics & parasympathemimetics do NOT
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Nursing responsibilities related to admin of antiadrenergic drugs.
Assess why med was chosen based on history
Contraindications
HR & BP OK and Pt voiding OK
Discuss stress relieving measures
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Indications of
Parasympatholytics
- Indications:
- - Decrease Gl motility (Colitis, peptic ulcer disease,diverticulitis)
- - Antispasmodic (cystitis, urethritis prostatitis, urgency tovoid)
- Contraindications:
- - Glaucoma
- - Prostatic hypertrophy
- - Tachycardia
- - Ml
- - CHF
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Drugs of
Parasympatholytics
- Other drugs:
- - Bentyl (decrease Gl motility)
- - Robinul (decrease Glmotility)
- - Pro-Banthine (decrease Gl motility)
- - Detrol & Detrol LA (decrease secretions)
- - Homatropine (dilate pupils)
- - Atrovent (bronchodilator)
- - Artane (Parkinsons)
- - Cogentin (Parkinson's)
- - Scopolamine (CNS depression, decreases secretions)
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Actions of
Parasympathetic Depressant
Parasympatholytics
Anticholinergics
Cholinergic Antagonist
Antispasmotics
- Increase Pulse rate
- Decrease mucous secretions
- Decrease Gl motility
- Increase urinary retention
- Dilate pupils
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Indications of
Parasympathomimetics
- Indications:
- - Dx & Tx myasthenia gravis
- - Reverse curare
- - Alzheimer's
- - Glaucoma
- Contraindications:
- - Urinary tract obstruction
- - Asthma
- - CAD
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Drugs of
Parasympathomimetic
- Prototype:
- - Prostigmin (myasthenia gravis, antidote for curare)
- Direct Acting Drug:
- - Urecholine (relieve unnary retention)
- Indirect Acting Drug:
- - Tensilon (dx myasthenia gravis or cholinergic crisis)
- - Mestinon (Tx myasthenia gravis long acting)
- - Prostigmin
- Cholinesterase Inhibitors:
- - Cognex (Alzheimer's)
- - Ancept (Alzheimer's)
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Receptors of
Parasympathomimetic
- Muscarinic 1,2,3 & 4
- - Stimulate smooth muscle
- - Slow heart rate
- Nicotinic 1 & 2
- - Affect skeletal muscle
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Neurotransmitters of
Parasympathomimetic
Acetylcholine
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Actions of:
Parasympathetic Stimulants
Parasympathomimetic
Cholinergic
Cholinergic Agonist
- ↓ BP
- ↓ Pulse rate
- Dilate blood vessels
- ↓ Heart rate
- ↑ secretions of Gl, lung, skin
- ↑ Gl movement
- Bladder contraction
- Skeletal contraction
- Constrict bionchi
- Constrict pupils
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Dx of Myasthenia gravis
If admin of Tensilon (of edrophonium chloride) improves muscle contraction, then Dx myasthenia gravis
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Myasthenia gravis
Muscle weakness
Fatigue
Difficulty chewing
Drooping eyelid
Drooling
Resp failure possible
Hypotension
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Beta Blockers & Indications of
Sympatholytics:
- Beta-blockers:
- - Lower HR (negative chronotrophy)
- - Decrease force of contraction (negative inotrophy)
- - Decrease conduction and cardiac output
- - Bronchoconstriction
- Adverse affects:
- - Blocks symptoms of tachycardia related to hypoglycemia
- - Don't stop abruptly -> rebound HTN
- - Bradycardia OD -> atropine
- - CHF (Dx dyspnea, fatigue, edema)
- - Bronchoconstriction Ax-> bronchodialators
- Prototype:
- - Inderal [beta1&2](HTN, angina pectoris)
- Other drugs:
- - Tenormin [beta1](prevent Ml)
- - Lopressor [beta1](prevent Ml)
- - Timpotic (glaucoma)
- - Betopic [beta1](glaucoma)
- - Corgard (HTN, angina)
- - Clonidine (HTN)
- Indications:
- - Angina
- - HTN
- - Tachycardia
- - Glaucoma
- Contraindications:
- - Bradycardia
- - Heart block
- - CHF
- - Asthma
- - Pulmonary condition with vasoconstriction
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Alpha Blockers & Indications
of Sympatholytics:
- Alpha blockers:
- - Vasodilation
- - decrease BP
- - Constrict pupils
- - Othostatic hypotension
- - Reflex tachycardia
- Prototype:
- - Prozosin 1st dose syncopy (fainting)
- Other drugs:
- - clonidine HCl (Catapres) (decrease BP)
- - Methyldopa (peak effect in 2days)
- - Cardura (mild HTN, BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy)
- - Minipress [prazosin HCl] (HTN)
- - Hytrin
- Indications:
- - HTN
- - Improve blood flow
- - Reynaud's disease
- - Frostbite
- - Prevent necrosis of vasoconstricting drugs
- Contraindications:
- - Angina
- - Stroke
- - Ml
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Actions of:
Sympathetic Depressant
Sympatholytics
Antiadrenergic
Adrenergic Blockers
- ↓ Pulse rate
- ↓ BP
- Constrict Bronchioles
- Constrict pupils
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Indications for Adrenergics:
- Indications:
- - Cardiac emergency
- - Respiratory emergency
- - Allergic reactions
- Contraindications:
- - HTN
- - Angina
- - Stroke
- - Glaucoma
- - Hyperthyroidism
-
Drugs for Adrenergic:
- Prototype:
- - Epinephrine (cardiac arrest, acute bronchospasm and laryngeal edema)
- Other drugs:
- - Albuterol (bronchospasm)
- - Sudafed (decongestant)
- - Isuprel
- - NeoSynephrine (nasal congestion, cold)
- - Dexatrim
- - Dopamine (hypotension)
- - Ephedrine (HTN, bronchspasm)
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Receptors for Adrenergic:
- Alpha 1:
- - Vasoconstriction
- - ↑ BP
- - ↑ contractility of heart
- - Pupil dilation
- - Bladder contraction
- - Prostate contraction
- Alpha 2:
- - ↓ BP(reduce norepinephnne)
- - ↓ GI motility
- Beta 1:
- - ↑ HR and force of contraction
- Beta 2:
- - Bronchoditation of lungs
- - ↓ Gl motility
- - Relax uterus
- - Activates glycogenolysis in liver
- - ↑ blood sugar
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Actions of:
Sympathetic Stimulants
Sympathomimetic
Adrenergic
Adrenergic Agonist
- ↑ BP
- ↑ pulse rate
- ↑ blood flow/fight or fnght
- ↑ metabolism
- ↑ breakdown of glycogen
- ↑ increase blood sugar
- ↑ mental activity
- ↑ muscle strength
- ↑ blood coagulation
- ↑ respiratory rate
- Pupil dilates to help with vision
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Indications/Contra for alpha blockers?
Improve blood flow
Raynauds disease & frostbite
- CONTRA:
- Decreases BP, reflex tachycardia might result
Angina
MI
Stroke
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Why are alpha blockers not Rx as often as beta blockers?
They can cause orthostatic hypotension leading to reflex tachycardia.
Note: The body has several feedback mechanisms to maintain adequate blood flow and blood pressure. If blood pressure decreases, the heart beats faster in an attempt to raise it. This is called reflex tachycardia.
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What are antiadrenergic drugs?
They are: Sympatholytic
Decrease or block the effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation
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Dopamine
Adrenergic
Treatment of hypotension & shock
Also causes improved urinary output - looking for a kinimum of 30 mL/hr
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Dexatrim
Adrenergic
Appetite suppressant/decongestont
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Neo-Synepherine
Adrenergic
Decongestont
Watch for increased BP & reflex bradycardia
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Isuprel
Adrenergic
Cardiac stimulant, used for bronchospasm / bronchodilator
Adverse reaction - tachycardia
May have pink tinged sputum
-
Sudafed
Adrenergic
Bronchodilation decongestant effects
Excessive use can cause rebound nasal congestion
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Beta2 Blocker Risks
Constricts broncholes, could lead to trouble breathing for COPD & asthma Pt
-
Beta1 Blocker risks
Decreases HR
Reduces force of contractions
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Ephedrine?
Adrenergic
Less potent than albuterol, longer acting
Used to treat hypotension from anesthesia
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ALBUTEROL?
Adrenergic
↓BRONCHOSPASM → bronchodilation
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Prototype Adrenergic drug:
EPINEPHRINE
Stimulates both alpha and beta receptors.
Drug of choice for acute bronchospasm and laryngeal edema
Used in cardiac arrest
Not given orally/destroyed by enzymes in the GI tract and liver
Increases blood sugar
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When should adrenergic drugs be used cautiously?
anxiety
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When are adrenergic drugs contraindicated?
High BP
Angina
Stroke
Glaucoma
Hyperthyroidism
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When are adrenergic drugs indicated?
Epinephrine (never PO becaue it is wholly metabolized by the liver) for anphylaxis.
Albuterol for asthma.
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HR ↑200. How to treat?
Either a
adrenolytic
or a
Cholinergic
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Discuss adrenergic drug therapy.
Sympathomimetic
Exogenous
Selective or non-selective
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Cholinergic receptors:
nicotinic 1 & 2
muscorinic 1 - 4
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Adrenergic receptors:
- alpha1
- - vasoconstriction, ↑BP, ↑HR
- - Mydriasis (pupil dilation)
- alpha2
- - ↓ BP (via reduced norepinephrin)
- - ↓ GI
- beta1
- - ↑ HR & force of contraction
- - ↑ BP (via ↑angiotensin to kidney)
- beta2
- - ↓ GI
- - ↑ Bronchdilation
- - ↑ Vasodilation
- - ↑ blood sugar (via glycogenolysis)
dopamine
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The main neurotransmittor of the parasympathetic nervous system is AAAA, which has BBBB effects. Nerve fibers secreting acetylcholine are called CCCC.
- A: acetylcholine
- B: inhibitory
- C: cholinergic
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The main neurotransmittor of the sympathetic nervous system is AAAA which has BBBB effects. Nerve fibers secreting norepinephrine are called CCCC.
- A: norepinehrine
- B: excitatory
- C: adrenergic
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Parasympathetic transmitters, receptors and synonyms
- Syn:
- - CHOLINERGIC
- - INHIBITORY
- Rx:
- - Muscarinic
- - Nicotinic
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Sympathetic transmitters, receptors and synonyms
- Tx:
- - NOREPINEPHRINE
- - DOPAMINE
- Syn:
- - ADRENERGIC
- - EXCITATORY
- Rx:
- - alpha 1
- - beta 1&2
- - dopamine
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Stimulation of the parasympathetic causes:
1. Dilate blood vessels
2. ↑ secretions - GI, lung, skin
3. ↓ HR
4. ↑ GI
5. No blood sugar effects
6. No chg mental activity
7. No chg muscle strength
8. No chg blood coagulation
9. Bronchi constriction
10. Pupil constriction
11. Bladder contraction
12. Skeletal contraction
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Anticholinergic effects on
CNS
Decreases tremors and rigidity of muscles.
Drowsiness, disorientation and hallucinations can result from large doses.
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Anticholinergic effects on
Bronchial
Dilates the bronchi, and decreases bronchial secretions.
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Anticholinergic effects on
Glandular
Decreases salivation, perspiration, and bronchial secretions.
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Anticholinergic effects on
Ocular
Dilates pupils (mydriasis) and paralyzes ciliary muscle (cycloplegia), causing a decrease in accommodation.
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Anticholinergic effects on
Urinary tract
- Relaxes the bladder detrusor muscle
- and increases constriction of the internal sphincter.
Urinary retentioncan result.
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Anticholinergic effects on
GI
Relaxes smooth muscle tone of Gl tract
Decreasing Gl motility and peristalsis.
Decreases gastric and intestinal secretions.
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Anticholinergic effects on
Cardiovascular
Increases heart rate with large doses.
Small doses can decrease heart rate.
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Stimulation of sympathetic causes:
1. ↑ BP/cardiac output
2. ↑ blood flow for "fight or flight"
3. ↑ metabolism and use of O2
4. ↑ breakdown of glycogen
5. ↑ blood sugar
6. ↑ mental activity
7. ↑ muscle strength
8. Blood coagulation increased
9. ↑ respiratory rate
10. Pupil dilation to help vision
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