Marine Finals

What was the niche filled by the first fish?

A. All of these choices.
B. Hunting in intertidal communities.
C. Scavenging the ocean bottom.
D. Feeding on photosynthetic surface organisms.

Lampreys and salmon share a common behavior of being catadromous, meaning they migrate to freshwater to spawn.

True False

________ make a shark's skin feel like sandpaper.

a. Ammocoetes
b. Placoid scales
c. Spiracles
d. Claspers

What is the function of claspers on a shark?

a. Hold the eggs on the female during fertilization.
b. Transfer sperm from the male to the females.
c. Allow for reciprocal copulation to occur.
d. Help streamline a shark's body.

This structure allows skates and rays to breath while at rest.

a. Spicules
b. Spiracles
c. Placoid scales
d. Gill slits

What is considered to be the limiting factor for the rare, lobefin coelacanth?

a. Prey
b. Depth
c. Temperature
d. Habitat

A ________ consists of an organism's common ancestor and all of its descendents.

a. monophyletic group
b. phenetic group
c. phylogenetic group
d. gene pool

The most abundant type of fish is:

a. cartilaginous.
b. jawless.
c. ray-finned.
d. lobefin.

A fish is observed as having a high and narrow tail. It is an active swimmer and appears to have a very streamlined body. What is the body type of this fish?

a. Depressed body shape
b. Globular body shape
c. Laterally compressed body shape
d. Fusiform body shape

What are structural colors produced by in fish?

a. Chromatophores
b. Pigments
c. Iridophores
d. Biochromes

________ allows fish to camouflage themselves to avoid predators or ambush prey.

a. Obliterative countershading
b. Disruptive coloration
c. Cryptic coloration
d. Aposematic coloration

In gill filament structures, blood flows in the opposite direction from incoming water, creating a countercurrent multiplier system.

True False

Why is blood pressure low in fish?

a. Fish are not susceptible to hypertension conditions.
b. Blood must flow through sinus venosus.
c. Blood does not return back to the heart.
d. Water enters slightly deoxygenated.

What structure in most ray-finned fish is responsible for buoyancy control?

a. Gas gland
b. Squaline
c. Blubber
d. Swim bladder

What sensory organ is used to detect electrical currents in the water?

a. Lateral line
b. Neuromasts
c. Maculae
d. Ampullae of Lorenzini

The most common form of reproduction for sharks is:

a. ovoviviparous reproduction.
b. oviparous reproduction.
c. asexual reproduction.
d. viviparous reproduction.

Synchronous hermaphroditism is when an animal changes from one sex to another.

True False

What is the name for an association of fish that exhibit behaviors for social reasons?

a. Synchronization
b. Anadromous
c. Shoaling
d. Catadromous

A calcareous structure associated with sensory receptors are:

a. otoliths.
b. Ampullae of Lorenzini.
c. maculae.
d. neuromasts.

A male fish has changed into a female fish. What kind of hermaphroditism occurred?

a. All of these choices
b. Protandry
c. Protogyny
d. Synchronous

What factor is a major reason for the success of reptiles?

a. Advanced circulatory system
b. Rearing of juveniles
c. Amniotic egg
d. Skin covered with tough scales

This adaptation decreases water loss in marine reptiles.

a. Scaled-skin lacking glands
b. Efficient kidneys
c. Active lifestyle
d. Advanced circulatory system

How do saltwater crocodiles communicate with each other?

a. Calls and barks
b. Chemical signals in the environment
c. Changing colors
d. Posturing and stances

The dorsal surface of a turtle's shell is the ________ while the ________ is the ventral surface.

a. carapace; plastron
b. carapace; keratin
c. plastron; carapace
d. keratin; plastron

Sea turtle adaptations for buoyancy do not include:

a. reduced shell size compared to terrestrial turtles.
b. fused skeleton to shell.
c. fatty deposits.
d. light, spongy bones.

What affect can temperature have on the reproduction of sea turtles?

a. The sex ratio of juveniles.
b. The time of day the eggs hatch.
c. The imprint of the natal beach on juveniles.
d.The amount of food available to embryos.

Territorial combat of marine iguanas affects the overall size of the population due to serious injuries that occur.

True False

The only known marine lizard, the marine iguana, might be traditionally mostly black in color because they:

a. warn other individuals.
b. attract mates.
c. absorb more heat energy.
d. blend into terrestrial surfaces.

True sea snakes are ________ and do not come to land to breed.

a. oviparous
b. ovoviviparous
c. none of these choices
d.viviparous

What adaptation allows sea snakes to remain submerged for long periods of time?
a. Able to lower metabolic rate.
b. They breathe air.
c. Able to absorb carbon dioxide through the skin.
d. Dual lungs that extend almost to the tail.

What is the term used to describe the ability to maintain a constant body temperature?

a. Endothermic
b. Exothermic
c. Homeothermic
d. Heterothermic

Alcids and penguins have had similar adaptations selected despite them being in different groups. What is this an example of?

a. Synchronous evolution
b. Convergent evolution
c. Concise evolution
d. Divergent evolution

Pelicans exhibit a unique mandible called a:

a. glandular pouch.
b. gular pouch.
c. fleshy mandible.
d. head adornment.

________ are credited with cleaning garbage from beaches and water ways.

a. Sandpipers
b. Gulls
c. Terns
d. Boobies

What adaptation do alcids have to aid in successful reproduction?

a. They lay eggs in protected areas on the beach.
b. They lay a single egg at a time.
c. The males rest eggs on their feet.
d. They have a pear shaped egg.

Marine reptiles and birds deal with large concentrations of salts in their body by:

a. having very fast metabolisms.
b. having excretory salt glands.
c. having very efficient kidneys.
d. secreting salt through their feathers.

Sandpipers are known to:

a. make long annual migrations.
b. be very solitary birds.
c. be territorial of their beaches.
d. feed on worms and fish.

What birds only come to land to breed?

a. Albatrosses
b. Petrels
c. Alcids
d. Terns

The digestive organ that stores food in penguins is called a:

a. hular pouch.
b. head adornment.
c. crop.
d. vacuole.

An ecological equivalent is a group that has evolved dependently in the same habitat and displays different adaptations.

True False

Why do more marine mammal offspring survive to adulthood than other animals?

A.They expend high amounts of energy
B.They have fewer offspring.
C.They give a high level of parental care.
D.They have a high metabolic rate.

What marine mammal has dense fur rather than thick layers of blubber?

A.Manatees
B.Sea lions
C.Sea otters
D.Walruses

All pinnipeds come ashore to:

A.sleep and molt.
B.feed and mate.
C.birth and molt.
D.birth and sleep.

A pinniped is observed as lacking external ears, and it appears to propel through the water using its hind flippers only. What kind of pinniped might this be?

A.Walruses
B.Phocids
C.Sirenia
D.Eared seals

________ allows mother pinnipeds to adjust the time of pregnancy of less than 1 year to an annual time frame.

A.Seasonal delayed implantation
B.Polygny
C.A gestation period
D.Lactation

What environmental factor can lactation periods be affected by?

A.Predator numbers
B.Amount of other pinnipeds when lactating
C.Available nutrients
D.Temperature of habitat

Phocids congregate in harems during the mating season.

True False

What is the main food source for walruses?

A.Molluscs and echinoderms
B.Penguins
C.Seagrass
D.Fish and worms

What sirenian went extinct just 27 years after its discovery?

A.Brazilian manatee
B.Dugong
C.African manatee
D.Stellar sea cow

What is the group of marine mammals most adapted to the marine environment?

A.Otters
B.Pinnipeds
C.Cetaceans
D.Sirenians

What does a counter current blood flow supply for cetaceans?

A.It improves mobility.
B.It increases circulation.
C.It conserves body heat.
D.It transfers oxygen.

What is responsible for storing oxygen for muscle activity?

A.Lactic acid
B.Blood
C.Myoglobin
D.Hemoglobin

Whales are able to collapse their lungs which enables them to cope with compression and decompression.

True False

What is thought to be the reason of breaching?

A.To communicate an individual's arrival.
B.To signal a departure from a group.
C.All of these choices.
D.To show dominance.

What cetacean behavior is associated with establishing bearings in coastal waters?

A.Head lunging
B.Spy hopping
C.Breaching
D.Tail slapping

Baleen plates are comprised of:

a.keratin.
b.myoglobin.
c.calcium.
d.hemoglobin.

Humpbacks sometimes employ a unique method of feeding which entails:

A.constantly skimming the surface of the ocean.
B.filtering amphipods from the mud.
C.head-lunging.
D.creating bubble nets.

The ________ in sperm whales is thought to play a part in the whale's echolocation system.

A.rostrum
B.spermaceti
C.ambergris
D.melon

In addition to its white coloration, beluga whales possess another unique characteristic which is:

A.the ability to bend its neck.
B.the presence of two teeth.
C.the formation of a tusk
D.the ability to forage in groups.

What process allows odonticetes to use sound waves to distinguish objects?

A.Melon
B.Radar
C.Sonar
D.Echolocation

What forms the basis of a reef community?

A.Cnidocytes
B.Zooxanthellae
C.Corallites
D.Scleractinian corals

________ coral species are responsible for building reefs in shallow, tropical waters.

A.Broadcast
B.Mesenterial
C.Ahermatypic
D.Hermatypic

What structure is involved with digestion, absorption, and defense in cnidarians?

A.Nematocysts
B.Mesenterial filaments
C.Planula
D.Cnidocytes

Most sexually reproducing corals are brooders, broadcasting their sperm while retaining their eggs.

True False

An area has a coral colony beginning to wear away. What process is occurring?

a.Fringing reefs
b.Bioerosion
c.Nutrient recycling
d.Opportunistic growth

Increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is responsible for:

a.coral expelling their zooxanthellae.
b.oceans becoming more basic.
c.production of excess sediments.
d.bioerosion.

Which reefs are directly impacted by human activity the most?

a.Atolls
b.Patch reefs
c.Fringing reefs
d.Barrier reefs

________ arise out of deep water and have a lagoon in the center of it.

a.Atolls
b.Barrier reefs
c.Patch reefs
d.Fringing reefs

What reef formation is the most common?

a.Spur-and-groove
b.Reef front
c.Drop off
d.Reef crest

What part of the reef receives the full impact of wave energy?

a.Drop off
b.Reef crest
c.Forereef
d.Back reef

Most reefs grow at depths of ________ meters or less.

A.30
B.15
C.25
D.60

Atlantic reefs have a deeper buttress zone and are dominated by fire coral.

True False

What phenomena is thought to bring nutrients to Atolls?

A.Run-off
B.Algal ridges
C.Upwelling
D.Settling of sediments

________ is used to measure the state of development of a biological community.

A.Community respiration
B.Gross primary production
C.Gross primary production to community respiration ratio
D.Climax

What hypothesis suggests there is no competition between reef fish because there are so many factors to create a niche for each species?

A.Resource limitation model
B.Competition model
C.Predation disturbance model
D.Lottery model

These organisms are very vital in determining the structure of the reef due to their territorial behaviors.

A.Angelfish
B.Sponges
C.Seaweeds
D.Damselfish

How do corallivores keep certain corals from being overgrown?

A.None of these choices.
B.Moves sediment towards slow growing corals.
C.Feed on fast-growing, branching corals.
D.Prevent larval corals to settle in certain areas.

Which is not an adaptation of reef dwellers to avoid predation?

A.Feeding during the day.
B.Hiding during the day.
C.Ability to eviscerate internal organs.
D.Production of poisonous mucus.

Coral bleaching is a result of:

A.corals expelling their zooxanthellae.
B.pesticides from coastal developments.
C.the calcareous skeleton begins to breakdown.
D.extended periods of run-off.

Coral reefs:

A.provide compounds used for pharmaceuticals.
B.remove carbon dioxide from water and air.
C.all of these choices.
D.provide protection from storm generated surf conditions.

The photic zone is part of what broader zone?

A.Epipelagic zone
B.Aphotic zone
C.Vertical zone
D.Epibenthic zone

What characterizes nekton?

A.Ability to swim strongly against currents.
B.All of these choices.
C.Relatively high consumption.
D.Highly productive organisms.

The term for plankton that lives near the surface is:

A.neustron.
B.tripton.
C.nekton.
D.holoplankton.

A diatom is considered to be kinetic plankton.

True False

A larval stage of a lobster is what kind of plankton?

A.Holoplankton
B.Mesoplankton
C.Meroplankton
D.Picoplankton

________ is the living and dead particles of plankton connected by strands of mucous.

A.Marine snow
B.Pleuston
C.Tripton
D.Neustron

What is a densely packed group of migratory plankton called?

A.Photic migrators
B.Sonar disruption
C.Holoplankton
D.Deep scattering layer

What type of organism uses a salp's body to live inside?

A.Larvaceans
B.Tunicates
C.Amphipods
D.Pyrosomes

What kind of pteropod or sea butterfly has completely lost its shell?

A.Gastropod
B.Apteropod
C.Thecosome pteropod
D.Gymnosome pteropod

Which invertebrate is thought to reign as a formidable predator?

A.Whelks
B.Lobsters
C.Seastars
D.Squids

Why do sharks produce fewer young in a breeding season?

A.Inefficient use of energy.
B.Sharks rear their young.
C.Long migrations to breeding grounds.
D.Efficient reproductive strategies.

Coccolithophores use ________ for a method of swimming.

A.appendages
B.cilia
C.jet propulsion
D.flagellates

A particular shark is dark on its dorsal side while much lighter on its ventral side. What camouflage is it exhibiting?

A.Countershading
B.Optical illusion
C.Transparency
D.Cryptic

What is the term for zooplankton with water bodies?

A.Pluestonic cnidarians
B.Mesoplankton
C.Gelatinous zooplankton
D.Holoplankton

What is the basis of the food chains in pelagic ecosystems?

A.Seaweeds
B.Zooplankton
C.Detritus
D.Phytoplankton

Why are tropical waters so blue?

A.High mineral content
B.Higher density of water
C.Large bacteria populations
D.Low primary productivity

A bacterial loop entails a portion of the food web in which bacteria convert dissolved organic matter into consumable bacterial biomass.

True False

What reduces the rate at which bacteria converts dissolved organic matter to particulate organic matter?

A.Phages
B.Sunlight
C.Depth
D.Dissolved organic matter availability

A ________ is the amount of biomass of an organism in a given area.

A.standing crop
B.production pyramid
C.none of these choices
D.trophic level

What is a reason for the open sea's ability to support few large animals?

A.Short food chains.
B.The decline of conversion efficiency.
C.Overfishing.
D.High productivity rates.

There are more species of plants and animals in the Indian River Lagoon than in any other estuary in North America because the Gulf Stream brings many species up from the Caribbean and because of overlapping climatic regions of temperate and tropic zones.

True False

What nearshore reef type is found along Florida’s Treasure Coast?

A.Oyster reef
B.Coral reef
C.Worm reef

What is the distribution of the Sabellarid reefs?

A.North of Cape Canaveral
B.Canaveral to south end of Biscayne Bay
C.Florida Keys
D.West coast of Florida

How do the worms prevent desiccation at low tide?

A.they build sand hoods over their tubes
B.they migrate into deeper waters
C.they live in the subtidal zone and never dry out
D.they swim out of the tubes at low tide

What is the primary food source of Sabellarid worms?

A.phytoplankton
B.fish
C.seagras
D.microplankton

How fast is the reef growth in a six month period?

A.1 to 2 cubic yards
B.1,500 – 3,000 cubic yards
C.1,000 – 1,300 cubic yards
D.100 – 500 cubic yards

Large amounts of sand-sized particles suspended in seawater are lethal to Sabellarid worms.

a.true b.false

How many worms are found in one square meter of reef?

A.up to 60,000 individuals
B.500 individual worms
C.1,000 individuals
D.10,000 individuals

Young worm larvae have simple visual organs on both ends of the body to look for a good site to attach themselves.

a.true b.false

Which of the following are ecological benefits of Sabellarid reefs?

a.provide feeding grounds for sea turtles and fish
b.provide habitat for marine algae and plants
c.provide shelter for spiny lobster
d.all of the above

Sea turtles are air breathing reptiles that are well adapted to life in the marine environment.

a.True b.False

Of the seven species of sea turtles that are found throughout the World, how many occur in US waters?

A.3
B.5
C.6
D.7

The majority of sea turtles are inhabiting ocean waters of temperate climates

a.True b.False

Which of the following species has more than one ESA (Endangered Species Act) status?

A.Loggerhead Turtle
B.Green Turtle
C.Hawksbill Turtle
D.Leatherback Turtle

All of the following are major threats to sea turtles except:

a.vessel strikes
b .population density increase
c.entanglement in marine debris
d.destruction of foraging habitats

Which of the following species has a diet consisting exclusively of plants?

A.Loggerhead Turtle
B.Olive Ridley Turtle
C.Green Turtle
D.Kemp’s Ridley Turtle

The father of modern marine turtle biology and conservation is Dr. Archie Carr.

a.True b.False

What is the estimated age of sexual maturity for Green turtles?

A.5-10 years
B.10-15 years
C.20-50 years
D.15-20 years

Green Turtles primarily use the following three habitat types except:

A.convergence zones in the open ocean
B.planktonic feeding grounds in the open ocean
C.benthic feeding grounds in coastal areas
D.oceanic beaches

In Florida, the Indian River Lagoon and Florida Keys represent important feeding grounds of the Green Turtle.

a.True b.False

A major threat to turtles is the Fibropapillomatosis disease that includes all of the following symptoms except:

A.early maturity
B.causes blindness
C.internal and external tumor growth
D.reduced feeding abilities

To avoid incidental capture and mortality of sea turtles during fishing operation, TEDs (Turtle Excluder Devices) have been developed.

a.True b.False

Loss and degradation of nesting habitat affecting nesting females and hatchlings is caused by all of the following except:

A.native vegetation
B.artificial lighting
C.beach nourishment
D.beach armoring

Artisanal fisheries can positively impact leatherback and loggerhead turtle populations.

a.True b.False

Worldwide, how many countries have currently developed TED programs that are comparable to the US program?

A.20
B.5
C.10
D.15