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- Avena sativa - Oat
- Origin: Cold, moist parts of Europe
- Young cultivar, weed of wheat
- Use: Human nutrition, oat flake, meal, flour, forage - breeding animals, horses
- Morphology: 2 fertile, 1 sterile flower
- High protein, good amino acid, full of vitamins
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- Hordeum - Barley
- Origin: Nile delta, then across Balkan peninsula
- distichon - Beer
- vulgare - animals - high protein, low CH
- vulgare ssp hexastichon - human nutrition - bread, mush, forage
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- Oryza sativa - Asian (paddy) rice
- Origin: Asian and subtropical zone
- High carb and energy, lower Protein but good quality, very digestible.
- Good parts removed
- Beri beri - vitamin deficiency
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- Secale cereale - Rye
- Origin: Asia minor
- Use: fodder, bread
- Ergot bodies - claviceps purpurea - Ergotism
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- Triticosecale - Triticale
- Origin: Germany
- Very tolerant of variety of soils and climates
- Chemical composition better than wheat
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- Zea mays convar. dentiformis - Dent corn
- Origin: Mexico, Peru-Bolivia
- Floury endosperm in the middle
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- Zea mays conv. microsperma - Popcorn
- Origin: Mexico, Peru-Bolivia
- Think and dence protein covers endosperm
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- Zea mays conv. saccharatum - Sweet corn
- Origin: Mexico, Peru-Bolivia
- High sugar and water
- Wrinkled
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- Zea mays conv. vulgaris - Flint corn
- Origin: Mexico, Peru-Bolivia
- Hard endosperm, mainly human consumption
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- Panicum miliaceum - Common millet
- Origin: very old
- Short growing season, Warm demand
- Photosynthesis: C4 type
- Use: Forage plant for poultry, straw for sheep (used to be human consumption)
- Photosensitisation
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- Setaria italiaca - Foxtail (Italian) millet
- Origin: very old (Eastern and Central Asia)
- Easy care, drought resistant, short season, C4 type photosynthesis
- Use: Human consumption, feed for livestock and birds, hay and silage
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- Sorghum bicolor - Grain sorghum
- Origin: Africa (India, China, Near East, USA)
- C4 type photosynthesis, drought resistant
- Use: Forage, grazing, silage
- Cyanogenic glycosides - dhurrin
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- Sorghum sudanense - Sudan grass
- Origin: Africa
- Use: Forage, grazing, silage
- Cyanogenic glycosides - dhurrin - HCN poisoning
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- Fagopyrum esculentum - Buckwheat
- Polygonaceae
- Origin: Middle and East Asia
- Short growing season, drought resistant
- Use: ancient mush plant, today forage plant
- Fagopyrin pigmen - photosensitisation
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- Amaranthus caudatus
- Amaranthus
- Origin: Latin America
- Drought resistant
- Use: mush, bread, forage, green plant
- Good amino acid composition, high lysine, low NO3
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- Medicago sativa - Alfalfa
- Origin: Persian
- Mediterranean -> USA
- Use: Fresh green plant, Hay, haylage, silage, meal
- Antinutrives: Saponins, lectins (photosensitisation)
- Bitter taste of milk, bloating
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- Trifolium pratense - Red clover
- Origin: West - Mediterranean
- Use: Forage, haylage, silage
- Antinutritives: Estrogenic substances - coumestrol, isoflavens
- Bloating, Trifoliosis - secondary photosensitisation
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- Trifolium repens - White clover
- Origin: Mediterranean
- Use: Excellen grazing plant
- Antinutritive: Cyanogenic glycosides - linamarin, lotaustralin - low concentration
- Bloating, Trifoliosis
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- Onobrychis viciifolia - Sainforn
- Origin: Middle and Southern Europe
- Non-bloating
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- Lotus corniculatus - Birdsfoot trefoil
- Origin: South Eurasia
- Forage legume
- Antinutritive: Cyanogenic glycosides, Tannins, Saponins
- Non-bloating
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- Claviceps purpurea - Ergot body
- Ergot alkaloids
- Medicinal - small amount contract non-striated muscle
- Ergotism: Grangrenosus - low persistant dose, mumification
- Convulsivus - High temporary dose, headache, spasm, GI symptoms, death
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