Chemistry 2 Final

Far right. Elements He-Rn.

Far left elements Li-Fr.

Far left, second column, elements Be-Ra.

• Period 4-7
• Group 3-12

Far right, next to the Noble gases. Elements F-Uus.

An element that is shiny and that conducts heat and electricity well.

They combine with most metals to form salts.

They are unreactive.

The number of electrons that must be added to or removed from an atom in a combined state to convert the atom into the elemental form.

The first two families/columns.

In group 13-18 and period 2-7.

Group 3-12 period 4-7.

They contain a pair of electrons in their outermost s sublevel. They are harder, denser, and stronger than the alkai metals. They have high melting points.

They have a silvery appearance and are soft enough to cut with a knife. Very reactive.

• S-2
• P-6
• D-10
• F-14

They are good conductors of electricity and have a high luster.

A bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

A force that attracts electrons from one atom to another, which transforms a neutral atom into a ion.

The chemical bonding that results from the attraction between metal atoms and the surrounding sea of electrons.

The ability of a substance to be hammered or beaten into thin sheets.

The ability of a substance to be drawn, pulled, or extruded through a small opening to produce a wire.

• H-hydrogen, halogens, alkali metals
• -makes only 1 bond
• -never a central atom
• -alkali metals with Li
• -Halogens start with F

• C-Carbon's group
• .makes 4 bonds
• -2 double
• -4 single
• -triple and single
• -no unshared pair

• O-Oxygen's group
• .makes 2 bonds
• -double bond
• -2 single
• -2 unshared pairs of electrons

• N-Nitrogen's group
• .Makes 3 bonds
• -triple
• -double and a single
• -3 single
• -1 unshared pair of electrons

The mass in grams of 1 mol of a substance.

• The percentage ny mass of each element in a compound.
• EX. NH₃
• Total AMU'S: 1xN= 14
• + 3xH=3
• 17.0
• 14/17 *100%= 82%
• 3/17*100%= + 18%
• 100%

Because the equation gives the relative numbers of moles of reactants and products. They give amounts of reactants and products under ideal conditions.

It deals with the mass relationships of elements in compounds.

It involves the mass relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

It is the mole ratio which is a conversion factor that relates the amounts in moles of any two substances involved in a chemical reaction.

The element that is going to run out.

• Percent yield=actual yield x100% =
• theoretical yield

Amount of given substance (mol) x mol unknown/mo given =amount of unknown substance (mol)

Mass of given substance (g) x 1mol given/molar mass of given (g) x mol unknown/mol given x molar mass of unknown (g)/ 1 mol unknown= mass of unknown substance (g)

Mass of given substance (g) x 1 mol given/molar mass of given (g) x mol unknown/ mol given = amount of unknown substance (mol)

• -An imaginary gas whose particles are infinitely small and do not interact with each other.
• -pv=nrt

• P=pressure
• v=volume
• n=number of moles
• t=temperature
• r=moles/lit. x kelvin
• r=ideal gas constant 0.0843

-States that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas increases as the pressure of the gas deceases as the pressure of the gas increases.

-p₁/v₁=p₂/v₂

-States that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increase as the temperature of the gas increases and the volume of the gas decreases as the temperature of the gas decreases.

-v₁/v₂=v₁/t₁

Total pressure=p₁+p₂+p₃+...

The relationship between the pressure, volume, and temperature of a fixed amount of gas.

-p₁*v₁/t₂=p₂*v₂/t₁

Capable of being dissolved.

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances uniformly dispersed throughout a single phase.

The dissolving medium in a solution.

The substance dissolved in a solution.

If the particles in a solvent are so large that they settle out unless the mixture is constantly stirred or agitated.

Particles that are intermediate in size between those in solutions and suspensions form mixtures known as colloidal dispersions.

A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts an electric current.

A liquid or solid substance or mixture that does not allow an electric current.

The physical state in which the opposing processes of dissolution and crystallization of a solute occur at equal rates.

A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute under the given conditions.

A solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution does and that is able to dissolve additional solute.

A solution that holds more dissolved solute than is required to reach equilibrium at a given temperature.

The ability of one substance to dissolve in another at a given temperature and pressure; expressed in terms of the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent to produce a saturated solution.

The strong affinity of water molecules for particles of dissolved or suspended substances that causes electrolytic dissociation.

It describes two or more liquids that do not mix with each other.

It describes two or more liquids that can dissolve into each other in various proportions.

The law that states that at constant temperature. the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas on the surface of the liquid.

A bubbling of a liquid caused by the rapid escape of a gas rather than by boiling.

It describes a solute molecule that is surrounded by solvent molecules.

The amount of energy released or absorbed as heat when a specific amount of solute dissolves in a solvent.

The amount of a particular substance in a given quantity of a mixture, solution, or ore.

The concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

A concentration unit of a solution expressed as moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution.

Aqueous solutions of aids have a sour taste, acids change the color of acid-base indicators, some acids react with active metals and release hydrogen gas, acids react with bases to produce salts and water, and acids conduct electric current.

Aqueous solutions of bases taste bitter, bases change the color of acid-base indicators, dilute aqueous solution of bases feel slippery, bases react with acids to produce salts and water, and bases conduct electric current.

The reaction of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to form water molecules in an aqueous solution.

Water and salt.

When something is nonpolar and nonpolar or polar and polar.

When it is nonpolar and polar. It is like water and oil-they do not mix.

A solid that is produced as a result of a chemical reaction in solution.

The speed of something in a given direction.

The law that states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas's density.

Absolute zero

The change of state from a gas to a liquid.

The process in which a solid changes directly into a gas (the term is sometimes also used for the reverse process)

The temperature and pressure at which a solid becomes a liquid.

The temperature at which a solid and liquid are in equilibrium at 1 atm pressure; the temperature at which a liquid substance freezes.

The temperature and pressure at which a liquid and a gas are in equilibrium.