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Where are the Noble gases found?
Far right. Elements He-Rn.
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Where are the alkali metals found?
Far left elements Li-Fr.
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Where are the Alkaline-earth metals found?
Far left, second column, elements Be-Ra.
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Where are the transition metals found?
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Where are the Halogens found?
Far right, next to the Noble gases. Elements F-Uus.
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What are the properties of a metal?
An element that is shiny and that conducts heat and electricity well.
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What are the properties of a Halogen gas?
They combine with most metals to form salts.
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What are the properties of a Noble gas?
They are unreactive.
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What is an oxidation number?
The number of electrons that must be added to or removed from an atom in a combined state to convert the atom into the elemental form.
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Where are the s-block elements located?
The first two families/columns.
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Where are the p block elements?
In group 13-18 and period 2-7.
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Where are the d block elements found?
Group 3-12 period 4-7.
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What are the properties of an alkaline-earth metal?
They contain a pair of electrons in their outermost s sublevel. They are harder, denser, and stronger than the alkai metals. They have high melting points.
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What are the properties of alkali metals?
They have a silvery appearance and are soft enough to cut with a knife. Very reactive.
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How many electrons can each sublevel hold?
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What are the properties of the transition metals?
They are good conductors of electricity and have a high luster.
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What is a covalent bond?
A bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
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What is an ionic bond?
A force that attracts electrons from one atom to another, which transforms a neutral atom into a ion.
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What is metallic bonding?
The chemical bonding that results from the attraction between metal atoms and the surrounding sea of electrons.
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What is malleability?
The ability of a substance to be hammered or beaten into thin sheets.
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What is ductility?
The ability of a substance to be drawn, pulled, or extruded through a small opening to produce a wire.
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What is the H in the HONC rule?
- H-hydrogen, halogens, alkali metals
- -makes only 1 bond
- -never a central atom
- -alkali metals with Li
- -Halogens start with F
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What is C in the HONC rule?
- C-Carbon's group
- .makes 4 bonds
- -2 double
- -4 single
- -triple and single
- -no unshared pair
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What does the O stand for in the HONC rule?
- O-Oxygen's group
- .makes 2 bonds
- -double bond
- -2 single
- -2 unshared pairs of electrons
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What is the N in HONC rule?
- N-Nitrogen's group
- .Makes 3 bonds
- -triple
- -double and a single
- -3 single
- -1 unshared pair of electrons
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What is the molar mass of a substance?
The mass in grams of 1 mol of a substance.
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What is percentage composition?
- The percentage ny mass of each element in a compound.
- EX. NH3
- Total AMU'S: 1xN= 14
- + 3xH=3
- 17.0
- 14/17 *100%= 82%
- 3/17*100%= + 18%
- 100%
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Why do you need a balanced equation?
Because the equation gives the relative numbers of moles of reactants and products. They give amounts of reactants and products under ideal conditions.
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What is composition stoichiometry?
It deals with the mass relationships of elements in compounds.
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What is reaction stoichiometry?
It involves the mass relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
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What do the coefficients in an equation mean?
It is the mole ratio which is a conversion factor that relates the amounts in moles of any two substances involved in a chemical reaction.
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What are you trying to show in a limiting reactant problem?
The element that is going to run out.
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What is percent yield?
- Percent yield=actual yield x100% =
- theoretical yield
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What is a mole-to-mole problem?
Amount of given substance (mol) x mol unknown/mo given =amount of unknown substance (mol)
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What is a mass-mass problem?
Mass of given substance (g) x 1mol given/molar mass of given (g) x mol unknown/mol given x molar mass of unknown (g)/ 1 mol unknown= mass of unknown substance (g)
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What is a mass-mole problem?
Mass of given substance (g) x 1 mol given/molar mass of given (g) x mol unknown/ mol given = amount of unknown substance (mol)
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What is Ideal Gas Law?
- -An imaginary gas whose particles are infinitely small and do not interact with each other.
- -pv=nrt
- P=pressure
- v=volume
- n=number of moles
- t=temperature
- r=moles/lit. x kelvin
- r=ideal gas constant 0.0843
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What is Boyle's Law?
-States that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas increases as the pressure of the gas deceases as the pressure of the gas increases.
-p1/v1=p2/v2
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What is Charles Law?
-States that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increase as the temperature of the gas increases and the volume of the gas decreases as the temperature of the gas decreases.
-v1/v2=v1/t1
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What is Dalton's Law?
Total pressure=p1+p2+p3+...
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What is combined gas law?
The relationship between the pressure, volume, and temperature of a fixed amount of gas.
-p1*v1/t2=p2*v2/t1
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What does soluble mean?
Capable of being dissolved.
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What is a solution?
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances uniformly dispersed throughout a single phase.
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What does solvent mean?
The dissolving medium in a solution.
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What does solute mean?
The substance dissolved in a solution.
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What is suspension?
If the particles in a solvent are so large that they settle out unless the mixture is constantly stirred or agitated.
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What does colloids mean?
Particles that are intermediate in size between those in solutions and suspensions form mixtures known as colloidal dispersions.
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What does electrolyte mean?
A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts an electric current.
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What does nonelectrolyte mean?
A liquid or solid substance or mixture that does not allow an electric current.
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What is solution equilibrium?
The physical state in which the opposing processes of dissolution and crystallization of a solute occur at equal rates.
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What is a saturated solution?
A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute under the given conditions.
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What is an unsaturated solution?
A solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution does and that is able to dissolve additional solute.
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What is a supersaturated solution?
A solution that holds more dissolved solute than is required to reach equilibrium at a given temperature.
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What is solubility?
The ability of one substance to dissolve in another at a given temperature and pressure; expressed in terms of the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent to produce a saturated solution.
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What is hydration?
The strong affinity of water molecules for particles of dissolved or suspended substances that causes electrolytic dissociation.
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What is immiscible?
It describes two or more liquids that do not mix with each other.
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What is miscible?
It describes two or more liquids that can dissolve into each other in various proportions.
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What is Henry's Law?
The law that states that at constant temperature. the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas on the surface of the liquid.
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What is effervescence?
A bubbling of a liquid caused by the rapid escape of a gas rather than by boiling.
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What is solvated?
It describes a solute molecule that is surrounded by solvent molecules.
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What is enthalpy of solution?
The amount of energy released or absorbed as heat when a specific amount of solute dissolves in a solvent.
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What is concentration?
The amount of a particular substance in a given quantity of a mixture, solution, or ore.
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What is molality?
The concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
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What is molarity?
A concentration unit of a solution expressed as moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution.
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What are the characteristics of an acid?
Aqueous solutions of aids have a sour taste, acids change the color of acid-base indicators, some acids react with active metals and release hydrogen gas, acids react with bases to produce salts and water, and acids conduct electric current.
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What are the properties of a base?
Aqueous solutions of bases taste bitter, bases change the color of acid-base indicators, dilute aqueous solution of bases feel slippery, bases react with acids to produce salts and water, and bases conduct electric current.
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What is neutralization?
The reaction of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to form water molecules in an aqueous solution.
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What do neutralization reactions produce?
Water and salt.
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When will something dissolve?
When something is nonpolar and nonpolar or polar and polar.
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When does something not dissolve?
When it is nonpolar and polar. It is like water and oil-they do not mix.
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What is precipitate?
A solid that is produced as a result of a chemical reaction in solution.
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What is velocity?
The speed of something in a given direction.
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What is Graham's law of effusion?
The law that states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas's density.
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What does 0 K mean?
Absolute zero
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What is condensation?
The change of state from a gas to a liquid.
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What is sublimation?
The process in which a solid changes directly into a gas (the term is sometimes also used for the reverse process)
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What is melting point?
The temperature and pressure at which a solid becomes a liquid.
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What is freezing point?
The temperature at which a solid and liquid are in equilibrium at 1 atm pressure; the temperature at which a liquid substance freezes.
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What is boiling point?
The temperature and pressure at which a liquid and a gas are in equilibrium.
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