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1857-1911. French psychologist who developed the first format test for intelligence.
Alfred Binet
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Very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems.
Algorithms
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The ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving.
Analytical Intelligence
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An example of a type of concept around which toher, similar concepts are organized, such as "dog," "cat" or "peer".
Basic Level Type
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1863-1945. English psychologist who proposed the two-factor theory of intelligence consisting of the g factor and s factor.
Charles Spearman
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Mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others.
Cognition (Thinking)
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The ability of the brain to build and maintain new neurons and the connections between them.
Cognitive Reserve
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Theory that concepts are universal and influence the development of language.
Cognitive Universalism
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Ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events or activities.
Concepts
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The tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs.
Confirmation Bias
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Type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic.
Convergent Thinking
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The ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems.
Creative Intelligence
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The process of solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways.
Creativity
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Condition in which a person's behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are the same chronological age. A more acceptable term for mental retardation.
Developmental Delay
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A type of intelligence measure which assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of about 15.
Deviation IQ Score
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Type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possiblities based on that point.
Divergent Thinking
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The awareness of and ability to manage one's own emotions as well as the ability to be self-motivated, able to feel what others feel and socially skilled.
Emotional Intelligence
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Concepts that are defined by specific rules or features.
Formal Concepts
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A block to problem solving that comes from thinking about ojects in terms of only their typical functions.
Functional Fixedness
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The ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence.
G Factor
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A general strategy that may help narrow down the possible solutios for a problem. Also known as a "rule of thumb".
Heuristics
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The two percent of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve and typically possessing an IQ of 130 or more.
Gifted
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The system of rules by which the symbols of language are arranged.
Grammar
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1943-Present. Cognitive psychologist who has acted as a major proponent on the concept of mulitiple intelligences. Current theory suggests that nine types of intelligence exist.
Howard Gardner
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When the solution to a problem comes suddenly, also referred to as a "aha!"
Insight
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The ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adpating to new situations or solving problems.
Intelligence.
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A number representing a measure of intelligence, resulting from the division of one's mental age by one's chronolical age and then multiplying hat quotient by 100.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
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A system for combining symbols (such as words) so that an unlimited number of meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating with others.
Language
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1877-1956. Cognitive psychologist well known for his longitudinal study of gifted children, affectionately referred to a Terman's Termites.
Lewis Terman
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The theory that thought processes and concepts are controlled by language.
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (Sapir-Wharf Hypothesis)
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Heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determine and then steps are taken to reduce that difference.
Mean-End Analysis
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Mental representations that stand in for objects or events and have a picture-like quality.
Mental Images
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The tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past.
Mind Set
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The smallest units of meaning with a lanaguage.
Morphemes
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Concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world.
Natural Concepts
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The role a person's heredity plays in his or her development.
Nature
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The standards used to assess the score of any individual who completes a standardized test.
Norms
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The role a person's enviroment plays in his or her devepment.
Nurture
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The basic units of sound in language.
Phonemes
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The ability to use information to get along in life and become successful.
Practical Intelligence.
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Aspects of language involving the practical aspects of communicating with other, or the social"niceties" of language.
Pragmatics
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Process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways.
Problem Solving
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An example of a concept the closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept.
Prototype
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The tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people.
Reliability
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1949-Present. Proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence which states that intelligence is composed of three different abilities.
Robert Sternberg
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The ability to excel in certain areas, or specific intelligence.
S Factor
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The rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences.
Semantics
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A randomly selected group chosen to represent the population for whom a psychological test is intended. Norms are calculate based off the scores of the standardization group.
Standardization Group
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The most specific category of a concept, such as one's pet dog or a pear in one's hand.
Subordinate
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The most general form of a type of concept, such as "animal" or "fruit".
Subordinate
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The system of rules combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentances.
Syntax
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Problem-solving method in wich one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found.
Trial and Error
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Sternberg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligences: analytical; creative and practical.
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
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The degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure.
Validity.
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