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What are the four typologies of rapists?
- Power Reassurance
- Power Assertive
- Anger Retaliatory
- Anger Excitation
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Are emergency rooms required to report rape?
No - 11/01/2009 - Hospitals are not required to report rape, rape by instrumentation, or forcible sodomy committed on adult victims, unless the victim requests the crime be reported to law enforcement.
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SANE exam legislation
2008 - SANE exams free for rape victims whether or not they choose to report to law enforcement
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Definition of rape
Rape is a physical assault that is perpetrated sexually and includes the elements of anger, power/control, and sexual contact.
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Where does Oklahoma rank in rape?
8th worst in the nation
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What percentage of girls are raped?
1 in 3
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What percentage of boys are raped?
1 in 7-10
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What percentage of women are raped?
1 in 5
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What percentage of men are raped?
1 in 33
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When and where was the first Rape Crisis Center established?
Washington DC in 1972
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What was a “bride price”?
- ♀ were property of their fathers
- brides were purchased by the groom/his family
- bride price was paid to compensate fathers for their loss of property
- possession of the ♀ (property) passed from father to husband
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What precipitated the Rape Awareness Movement?
The Women's Movement
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Investigators and prosecutors may not ask rape victims to undergo what type of test?
Polygraph
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Power Reassurance Rapist
Basic Characteristics
- - most common & least violent
- - easiest to profile & catch
- - usually starts as peeping tom
- - ritualistic
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Power Reassurance Rapist
Force Level
minimal to moderate
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Power Reassurance Rapist
Purpose of Assault
- reassurance of masculinity
- elevate self-esteem
- does not intend to hurt/degrade victim
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Power Reassurance Rapist
Modus operandi
- only enough force to control victim
- if he needs a weapon, chooses one from the home of the victim
- pre-selects victim through surveillance/peeping; may have several victims selected in advance
- typically uses surprise approach
- attacks in/near victim's residence
- attacks occur between midnight & 5am (often a dead giveaway to this type of rapist)
- victim is home alone or with small children, will not go in if a ♂ is present
- victim is close to his age
- may request victim to talk dirty but uses little profanity himself
- may re-contact victim
- takes souvenirs - most popular are drivers' licenses, lingerie & photos
- has victim remove her own clothes, often exposes only body parts necessary for rape to occur
- keeps records - diaries, newspaper clippings, computer files
- may spend a long time with victim
- may escalate over time as experience builds his confidence
- attacks near his home/work, typically walks to crime scene
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Power Reassurance Rapist
Time Between Rapes
7 - 15 days
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Power Reassurance Rapist
Personal Profile
- low self-esteem
- underachiever
- non-athletic
- usually single
- low educational level
- if he dates, she is significantly younger
- usually white
- lives within walking distance of first rapes
- nocturnal
- nuisance sex offenses (scatophilia, exhibitionism, voyeurism)
- loner
- menial job
- older model car
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Power Assertive Rapist
Basic Characteristics
- less common, more violent
- profile fits many date rapists
- impulsive
- wants to dominate
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Power Assertive Rapist
Force Level
moderate
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Power Assertive Rapist
Purpose of Assault
- asserting & expressing his manhood through rape
- wants to hurt ♀
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Power Assertive Rapist
Modus operandi
- often verbally abusive
- typically uses a "con" approach with victims
- victim is his age or close
- normally attacks in early evening
- attacks away from his home/work
- rips/tears off victim's clothing (very important detail to this profile)
- multiple assaults (oral + vaginal + anal, for example) in same attack
- often meets victim in a bar
- he's probably a regular at the bar; other regulars know him and that he preys on ♀
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Power Assertive Rapist
Personal Profile
- macho
- married/divorced, may have serial marriages
- attacks are sporadic
- flashy dresser
- car reflects his image
- goes to singles' bars, drinks what is popular
- ♂-oriented job
- self-centered
- arrest background may = disturbance, resisting arrest
- may escalate violence over time or during a single attack
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Power Assertive Rapist
Time Between Rapes
20 - 25 days
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Anger Retaliatory Rapist
Basic Characteristics
- even less common than Power Assertive type
- excessive violence
- enraged
- hard to catch
- hates ♀
- impulsive
- has suffered real or perceived insult from an important ♀
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Anger Retaliatory Rapist
Force Level
- excessive
- brutal
- victim more likely to suffer physical injuries
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Anger Retaliatory Rapist
Purpose of Assault
- he is angry
- punishes & degrades ♀ in order to act out his anger
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Anger Retaliatory Rapist
Modus operandi
- spontaneous crime
- still planned but usually unknown victim
- opportunistic
- verbally, physically & sexually abusive
- uses blitz approach
- spends short time with victim but she will be injured
- victim is his age or older
- may select symbolic victims, but is opportunistic in victim selection
- attacks are episodic - not very predictable but occur at any time, whenever he is triggered
- often drinks/drugs before attack
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Anger Retaliatory Rapist
Personal Profile
- explosive temper, explosive personality
- substance abuse quite common
- impulsive
- lone wolf, but not a loner - comfortable alone but has some friends
- very self-centered, but not inadequate
- con man
- action-oriented "manly" job
- often involved in team sports
- attacks at any time of day or night
- rents home
- car is commensurate with status but usually very nice and well-maintained
- probably married before
- arrest history may = aggravated assault, domestic violence
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Anger Retaliatory Rapist
Time Between Rapes
6 - 12 months
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Anger Excitation Rapist
Basic Characteristics
- least frequent, most rare, most violent, most dangerous
- hard to catch
- ritualistic
- carries rape toolkit
- rape often happens after victim is dead
- frequently rapes with instruments
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Anger Excitation Rapist
Force Level
off-the-charts brutal
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Anger Excitation Rapist
Purpose of Assault
- total domination & control
- physical & emotional pain to victim
- true sexual sadist
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Anger Excitation Rapist
Modus operandi
- premeditated assaults
- detailed plan - makes him hard to catch
- carries rape toolkit
- plans everything but the victim
- victim of opportunity (usually)
- "con" approach
- selfish & brutal
- dramatic attitude change - victim says "... like I was with two people" - goes from warm, kind -> cold & brutal when victim is in his grasp
- keeps victims for hours or days
- records his activities
- sexual experimentation level ranges from none to a great deal
- uses instruments & devices
- sexual bondage/captivity
- victims ages vary
- impulsive attack pattern but actual attacks are ritualistic
- cuts victims' clothing off with knives or scissors - reflects control
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Anger Excitation Rapist
Personal Profile
- often has a traveling job
- white male
- good family man, model citizen, asset to the community
- nobody ever believes it could be him
- outdoorsman
- gun & knife enthusiast/collector
- may collect medieval torture devices/information, etc.
- detective magazines are his porn
- no arrest record
- loves to drive because it gives him a feeling of power & control
- often a college grad; may be a professional
- above average intelligence
- likes big dogs
- late 30s
- attacks because he is bored with the norm
- his fantasies are more bizarre & brutal
- often lives 2 separate lives: 1 normal, 1 bizarre
- complete separation between his 2 lives
- lives in middle-class residential area
- knowledge of police work
- antisocial personality & planning/implementation make him difficult to apprehend
- tells his victims what he plans to do to them in detail
- probably many, many more of them than we know about
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Anger Excitation Rapist
Time Between Rapes
no apparent pattern
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What are the 4 phases of Rape Trauma Syndrome?
- Acute/Impact Phase
- Outward Adjustment Phase
- Depression Phase
- Integration & Resolution Phase
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Rape Trauma Syndrome
- Phases may be experienced out of sequence
- Phases may be experienced more than once
- Life stage is a significant factor
- Victims who are younger, divorced/separated, or middle-aged experience more serious concerns about independence
- Resolution where she returns to pre-rape levels of functioning may never occur
- Effects of rape are suffered for at least one year
- Bulk of improvement occurs in first 3 months
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Rape Trauma Syndrome
Acute/Impact Phase
- immediately following the rape
- may last from a few hours to several days
- sense of shock, unable to believe what she went through
- may experience anxiety, feelings of total loss of control, confusion, sense of unreality, guilt and shame, exhaustion, extreme fear sometimes bordering on panic
- physical symptoms: soreness - generalized or in area of assault, bruising, nausea, stomach pains, loss of apetite, vaginal discharge, itchy or burning sensation upon urination, oral irritation and throat infection, rectal bleeding and/or pain
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Rape Trauma Syndrome
Outward Adjustment Phase
- Appears to have adjusted
- Response to pressure from society to go on with her life
- Feels the same emotions as in the impact phase, but less intensity
- Experiences alienation, isolation, and depression
- May last for weeks or months
- Physical symptoms: headaches, stomach or gastrointestinal problems, dizziness, unintentional weight loss/gain, difficulty breathing, sexual dysfunction
- Emotional responses: moodiness, decreased concentration, crying, tension, sadness, decreased self-confidence and self-esteem
- feelings of being out of control
- embarrassment and humiliation
- desire for revenge
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Rape Trauma Syndrome
Depression Phase
- Obsessive memories, low self-esteem, and fear
- May last for days or months
- Makes lifestyle changes: move, change jobs, change phone numbers, refuse to go out alone at night, change patterns of work/studying/socializing, may drop off your radar during this phase
- Behavioral changes and interpersonal problems: difficulty in relationships with partner, family, employer, friends
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Rape Trauma Syndrome
Integration & Resolution Phase
- Shifts blame & anger from self to rapist
- May also have anger toward criminal justice system, advocate, society, men
- Sense of resolution, able to put experience behind her & talk about it without intense feelings
- Returns to pre-rape levels of functioning
- "New normal"
- May last for months or years
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Factors of Victim Response
Pre-Rape: Cognitive Assessment/Determining Alternatives
- - looking for means of escape
- - plan to fight back
- - plan to remain calm so the rapist doesn't injure her
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Factors of Victim Response
Pre-Rape: Verbal Tactics
- - most common strategy, especially ♀ victims
- - stalling for time
- - trying to talk their way out of it
- - trying to get sympathy by saying they are sick or pregnant
- - flattery, joking, sarcasm, or verbal aggression
- - saying someone is coming soon
- - threatening revenge by a husband/father/boyfriend
- - These tactics can come back on the victim during investigation & prosecution.
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Factors of Victim Response
Pre-Rape: Physical Action
- - Running away
- - Physical resistance
- - Screaming
- - May struggle up to the point of penetration, then stop to avoid further injury
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Factors of Victim Response
During Rape: Coping Strategies
- - many victims do all of this
- - focus on something else during the attack
- - concentrate on memorizing details
- - concentrate on advice they have been given about how to cope (be very aware of this when doing prevention work)
- - compliance
- - physiological responses - choking, gagging, nausea, vomiting, urinating, defecating, hyperventilating, losing consciousness - usually not intentional
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Factors of Victim Response
During Rape: Physical Resistance
- - Many victims don't because they fear escalation of violence - trust & validate victim's instincts! - this reaction is more common in victims with history of child sexual assault
- - Type of resistance used matches the type of force used by the assailant
- - Most likely to be used by victims threatened with weapons or where offender initially uses physical force
- - May experience less severe sexual abuse without suffering any greater injury than victims who do not resist physically
- - Rape completion is less likely with any kind of resistance
- - For reducing the probability of injury, non-physical forms of resistance are more effective than either no resistance or physical resistance; verbal resistance is least likely to result in injury.
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Factors of Victim Response
During Rape: Immobilization
- - This is the FREEZE response
- - Tonic immobility
- - - Unlearned state of profound motor inhibition elicited by high-fear situations
- - - Catatonic-like posture, cessation of vocalization, tremors, periods of eye closure, decrease in heart rate, increase in body temperature & respiration
- - - Predicted by experiences of childhood sexual victimization or other previous sexual victimization
- - Traumatic psychological infantilism - childlike affect
- - - Induced by terror & results in helplessness
- - - Makes victim appear friendly & cooperative
- - - Submits to offender to avoid being killed
- - - May be blamed by responders, family, or self
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Factors of Victim Response
During Rape: "Passive" Resistance
- - When victim feels anger as well as fright; usually reverts to submissive behavior
- - "Passive" resistance patterns
- - - Crying
- - - Slowness to obey commands
- - - Appearing they are unable to understand demands
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Factors of Victim Response
Post-Rape: Immediate Post-Assault Response
- - Escaping from rapist
- - Freeing herself from where she has been left
- - Securing her location
- - Telling others of needs for help & safety
- - In cases of drug-facilitated rape or unconsciousness, determining what happened
- - - Will never know for sure what happened = added trauma
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Factors of Victim Response
Post-Rape: PTSD
PTSD
- - Sexual assault has higher prevalence of PTSD than any other trauma
- - May be especially severe & long lasting when compared to victims of other types of trauma
- - Characteristics of the assault, assault severity, & victim-offender relationship are NOT predictors of PTSD or its severity
- - History of past trauma & childhood sexual assault ARE predictors of PTSD & its severity
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Factors of Victim Response
Factors that contribute to post-rape PTSD
- History of traumatic events
- History of childhood sexual abuse
- Tonic immobility
- First assault was as a minor/virgin
- Not being married
- Having less education
- Perceived poor/fair health status
- Perceived threat during the assault
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Factors of Victim Response
Post-Rape Attribution: Self-Blame
- Behavioral self-blame
- - Should have done something differently
- - Characterological self-blame (This happened to me because I'm a bad person)
- - - May be exacerbated by religious belief or response of religious figures
- - Victims who experience negative reactions when they disclose are more likely to self-blame
- - Associated with greater distress, use of self-destructive coping strategies, increased symptoms, higher rates of PTSD, poorer long term recovery
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Factors of Victim Response
Post-Rape Attribution: External Blame
- Blames external factors, such as society
- Most common
- May not be conducive to recovery - Higher levels of hostility, anxiety, and depressive symptoms
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Factors of Victim Response
Coping: Minimization
- Minimizes seriousness and downplays violence
- Less likely to seek help or support
- Places additional stress on victim
- African American women have greater tendency
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Factors of Victim Response
Coping: Cognitive Coping/Cognitive Appraisal
- Tries to make sense of assault by explaining why it happened and why it happened to them; because there are no answers, this is self-retraumatizing
- Repeatedly reviews every detail or relives the event
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Factors of Victim Response
Coping: Avoidance
- Tries to forget
- Avoids cues
- May sleep excessively or stay very busy
- Greater levels of psychological distress & social adjustment problems
- Happens more frequently when victims have experienced negative reactions from others at disclosure or when they blame themselves
- Happens more frequently when self or others have expectations of quick recovery
- Higher incidence with survivors of child sexual abuse
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Factors of Victim Response
Religious Coping
- Uses religious views to help make sense of and find meaning in assault
- May provide a social support network
- Report positive life changes, for those for whom religious coping is useful
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Factors of Victim Response
Nervous/Anxious Coping
- Irritable, nervous and anxious
- Greater feelings of fear and negative mood states
- Experience more physical symptoms
- Higher incidence in survivors of child sexual abuse
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Factors of Victim Response
Coping: Withdrawal
- "Cocooning" - can be positive
- Withdraws and stays home
- Greater symptoms, including fear, depression and sexual dissatisfaction, greater distress
- Fewer survivors choose this option
- Survivors who blame themselves are most likely to withdraw
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Factors of Victim Response
Coping: Taking Precautions
- One of the most common strategies
- Home - locking doors, not opening door to strangers, putting bars on windows, moving
- Lifestyle changes - quitting drinking, being careful about where they go
- Results in lower symptom levels
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Factors of Victim Response
Coping: Expressive Strategies
- Cry or express feelings
- Facilitates social support
- Promotes positive life change soon after assault
- Alleviates self-blame
- Results in fewer trauma symptoms
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Factors of Victim Response
Coping: Victim Ratings of Support
- Most supportive: SANE nurses & sisters
- Least supportive/frequently confided: husbands & male relatives
- Rated men as supportive, but less supportive than women
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Factors of Victim Response
Coping: Stress Reduction Techniques
- Meditation
- Listening to music
- Baths
- Drawing
- Journaling - Some controversy; can retraumatize, probably depends on if it's a strategy the victim has used before or chooses rather than one that is pushed on her
- Fewer symptoms & better adjustment
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Factors of Victim Response
Coping: Self-Destructive Strategies
- Drug & alcohol abuse, smoking, binging & purging, laxative abuse, high risk sexual behavior, self-harm, suicide attempts
- Suicide attempts associated with oral & anal rape and with greater self-blame & guilt
- Greater risk for survivors of child sexual abuse
- Results in longer recovery and more psychological symptoms
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Factors of Victim Response
Coping: Finding Positive Meaning
- Appreciating life, being more assertive, reevaluating goals, strengthening relationships, being more cautious, taking better care of one's self, growing spiritually
- Does not mean the rape was positive
- These survivors are most likely to cope successfully
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Factors Impacting Victim Response to Rape
- age
- life situation
- personality
- circumstances of the rape
- response of first responders - HUGELY important, maybe most important
- response from family & friends
- response of criminal justice system (Is the prosecutor victim-savvy?)
- her own attitudes & beliefs about rape - the more educated victims are about rape before it happens, the better they can respond
- cultural considerations
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What are the Pre-Rape Victim Responses?
- Cognitive assessment/determining alternatives
- Verbal tactics
- Physical action
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What are Victim Responses During Rape?
- Coping strategies
- Physical resistance
- Immobilization
- "Passive" resistance
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What are Post-Rape Victim Responses?
- Immediate post-assault response
- PTSD
- Post-rape attribution
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What are Victim Response Coping Mechanisms?
- Minimization
- Cognitive coping/cognitive appraisal
- Avoidance
- Religious coping
- Nervous/anxious coping
- Withdrawal
- Taking precautions
- Expressive strategies
- Stress reduction strategies
- Self-destructive strategies
- Finding positive meaning
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