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Morpheme
- basic unity when studying morphology
- (words and parts of words).
- It is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning
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Two kinds of Morphemes
Bound and Free
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Free Morpheme
Stand alone
Grammatical or Lexical
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Lexical Morphemes
noun
adjective
verb
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Grammatical Morphemes
- auxiliary verb
- definite articles
- indefinite articles
- demonstrative adjective
- posessive adjective
- pronoun
- preposition
- conjunction
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auxilary verb
- progressive
- perfect
- passive
- modal
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progressive
- auxilary verb
- form of the verb BE and always followed by –ing
- Example:I am kicking the desk.
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perfect
- auxilary verb
- form of the verb HAVE + en participle
- Example: He has taken out the garbage.
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passive
- auxilary verb
- BE + en participle
- Example: It is broken.
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modal
- auxilary verba.
- Can
- Could
- May
- Might
- Will
- Would
- Shall
- Should
- must
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Indefinite Article
- a- before consonant sound
- an- before a vowel sound
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Proximal
- Demonstrative Adjective
- distance something is close emotionally and physically
- singular- this
- plural- these
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Distal
- Demonstrative Adjective
- Far away
- singular-that
- plural-those
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Possesive Adjective
- 1st person sing- my plural- our
- 2nd person sing- your plural- your
- 3rd person sing- his/her/its plural their
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Pronouns
- Personal Pronouns
- Indefinite
- Reflexive
- Relative
- Demonstrative
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Personal Pronoun
- subject object possessive
- Sing pl sing pl sing pl
- 1st p. I we me us mine ours
- 2nd p. you you you you your yours
- 3rd p. he they him them his
- she her hers
- it it its
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Case
different morphological forms for different syntax functions
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Hypercorrection
correct something that was never wrong in the first place
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Indefinite Pronoun
- Anyone
- Anybody
- Something
- Someone
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Reflexive Pronoun
- myself
- yourself
- himself/ hisself
- herself
- itself
- themselves
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Reflexive Pronoun
I know a woman who has 300 cars.
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Demonstrative Pronoun
- I lost your key so you can take mine.
- This
- These
- That
- Those
- Example- This book is nothing like that.
- Demonstrative adjective demonstrative pronoun
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Prepositions
- Occur before the noun
- In
- Over
- Under
- Depending on
- According to
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Derivational
- Lexicon
- Create a new word (ex-pavement)
- Often change the word class (pave is a verb pavement is a noun- patron/patronize)
- Based on meaning (I like the pavement.)
- Sensitive to the words they attach (sometimes they do and sometimes they don’t
- All prefixes are Derivational
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Inflectional
- Grammar
- Do not create a new word, but a different form of the word. (ex-paves)
- Never change the word class (pave/ paves big/bigger)Dictated or chosen by the grammar (I pave. He paves.)Patterned- attach to every member of a class
- There are eight inflectional endings in English:
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Inflectional Endings
- Verbal Suffixes
- -ing -ed -s -en
- Noun Suffixes
- -s -s
- Adjective Suffixes
- -er -est
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Affixed Morphemes
- Prefix
- Suffix
- Infixes
- Circumfixes
- Interweaving morphemes
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Infixes
Abso-fucking-lutely
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Circumfixes
on both sides of the word
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Interweaving Mophemes
Triconsonantal stem: adding different sounds around the three consonant stem
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