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katie_moni
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__ spend their life studying all arthropods throught the world
Entomologist
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__ total blood loss by parasites faster than bone marrow can replace them working at a normal replacement rate. Super parasitizm
Clinical Anemia
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__ total blood loss due to natural means without normal replacement at a normal rate by the bone marrow. Bone marrow depression due to toxic effects of drugs or cancerous in marrow
Aplastic anemia
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Many arthropods bites are toxic and result in __ reactions that are fatal or at least paralytic
hypersensitivity
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Tick paralysis results in __ while rabies results in __
- tick- ascending
- rabies- decending
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_ flies and _ flies can bother the animal to the point it cannot feed anymore, loosing weight and becomes an economical disaster for the rancher
Horn flies and back flies
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Every 1st stage larvae is referred to as...
maggot
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Skin invasions by penetrating maggots (1st stage larvae) can make available opportunities for __ to invade the skin and set up fulminating infections
bacteria/rickettsia, etc.
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__ no multipcation or molting of the etiological agent in the vector
mechanical vector
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what is another name for mechanical vector?
parentic host
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__ molting in the intermediate host
biological vector
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what is another name for biological vector?
intermediate host
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__ are the most vector or arthropod borne animal plagues
ticks
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This is any infection by larvae any Genus and species, as the diagnosis is often made on typical location of the location of the flies or their wounds
Myiasis
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Myiasis is generally easy to control with fly sprays and is not urgent, the exception being __ whose eggs laid can hatch over night and larvae can be inside the host in 24 hours
Cochliomyia hominivorax, the american screwworm
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What are some tick borne protozoan disease?
Bovine piroplasmosis and Canine piroplasmosis
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What is the etiological agent for Bovine piroplasmosis?
Babesia bigemina, and Babesia bovis
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What is the vector for Bovine piroplasmosis?
Boophilus annulatus (one host tick)
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What is the etiology agent for Canine Piroplasmosis?
Babesia canis
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What is the vector for Canine piroplasmosis?
Rhipicephallus sanquineus (3 host tick)
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What are some tick borne rickettsial disease?
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Q fever
- Ehrlichiosis
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What is the etiology for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
Rickettsia rickettsi
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What are some etiologies for Ehrlichiosis?
Ehrilichia canis(vietanum disease), E. chaffeensis, E. ewingii, E. ruminantium
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Of comparative medical interest, cats, dogs, and humans as well as other domestic and wild animal species, can all be infected with the same __ species.
Ehrlichia
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Although the clinicopathologic courst of disase will vary depending upon the infecting Ehrlichia species, illness is typically characterized by:
- acute reduction in cellular blood elements, most often thrombocytopenia.
- Bleeding is symptomatic since epistaxis is the first observation noted.
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Ehrilichia canis was first recognized in __ (place and year)
Algeria 1935
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Ehrilichia canis was first reported in the United States in __
1963
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The distribution of E. canis infection is related to the geographic distribution of the vector tick __
Rhipicephalus sanguineous
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What are some clinical signs of ehrlichiosis in the acute phase?
- depression
- anorexia
- fever
- severe loss of stamina
- weight loss
- ocular and nasal discharges
- dyspnea
- lymphadenopathy
- edema of the limbs
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What are some clinical signs of ehrlichiosis in the chronic phase?
signs can be mild to absent
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What are some hematologic abnormalities involved with Ehrlichiosis?
- panncytopenia
- aplastic anemia
- thrombocytopenia
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__ is the most consistent hematologica abnormality in both the acute and chronic stages of ehrlichiosis
Thrombocytopenia
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__ causes an ovine encephalomyelitis
Louping ill
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Louping ill is transmitted by:
Ixodes ricinus
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What are some signs of Louping ill?
neurological in nature
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Western equine Encephalitis is transmitted by the __
mosquito
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__ is caused by Francisella tularenis
Tularemia
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Tularemia is caused by?
Francisella tularensis
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__ gram negative, rod found in sheep, like louping ill, are the primary host, sometimes used as terrosist agent
Tularemia
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What is Tularemia transmitted by?
Dermacentors and Amblyomma
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__ are fastidious gram negative bacteria that are highly adapted to a mammals red blood cell becoming a life long intraerythrocutic bacteremia.
Bartonella
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Bartonella henselae was defined as a new species in __ (year)
1992
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In 1993 __ (berkoffi) was isolated from a dog with endocarditis
Bartonella vinsonii
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What does the tick of transmittion for canine Bartonellosis seems to be?
Rhipicephalus sanquineous
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What are the most commonly detected hematologic abnormalities for Canine Bartonellosis?
- thrombocytopenia
- anemia
- neutrophilic leukocytosis
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What is the treatment for Canine Bartonellosis?
antibiotics for a very long period of time
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What is the drug(s) of choice for Canine Bartonellosis?
Macrolides(erythromycin and azithromycin) for 4 to 6 weeks
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__ is a vector borne disease affecting people and animals; it is most commonly diagnosed in North America, Europe and Asia
Lyme disease
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__ are small spirochetes of a Genus that contains more than 20 species
Borrelia
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The Lyme Borrelia have been divided into at least __ genomic species groups
four
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in North America __ is the most common lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
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Borrelia do not survive free living in the environment and are transmitted between __ and __
Verterbrate host and the tick
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Borrelia burgdorferi must feed for __ hours to be infective and allow for the etiological agent to get into the salivary glands.
24-48 hours
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(year) the outbreak of lyme disease in Old Lyme, Connecticut
1975
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(year) the spirochete (bacteria) was discovered in the tick Ixodes scapularis (formerly Ixodes dammini)
1982
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(year) first canine disease of lyme arthritis reported, followed by cardiac and renal cases
1984
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(year) lyme disease reported in 45 of the lower 48 states and is endemic on the east and west coast as well as the upper midwest
2003
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(year) lyme disease is reported in 48 adjurning states
2006
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The prinicpal vector for Borrelia burgdorferi is the __ ticks
- Ixodes sp.
- Ixodes ricini
- Ixodes scapularis(primary vector)
- I. dammini
- Ixodes pacificus(west coast)
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What is the pathogenesis of lyme disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi multiplies in the tick and localizes in the salive, Tick takes blood meal injecting the bacteria (spirochete)
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What are some symptoms of Lyme disease?
- verified tick bite
- flulike symptoms (chills with head and back ache)
- A positive blood test immunoblot
- bruise like rash known as "Erythema migrans" (often referred to as a bulls eye)
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What is the treatment for lyme disease?
antibiotic Doxycycline-- often for extended periods of time
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What is the mosquito borne protozoa disease?
Malaria
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What is the mosquito borne virus disease?
Easter Equine Encephalomyelitis
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What is the mosquito borne filariids disease?
Heartworm disease- dirofilaria immitis
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What is the flea borne diease?
- Bubonic plague(bacteria)
- Acanthochelonema reconditum (blood filarid)
- Diplydium caninum
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What is the etiology for Bubonic plague?
Yersinia pestis
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All true flies that we will discuss are of the order __
Diptera
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All adult flies, except __ (family) have a pair of well developed wings located midway on the body at the mesothoracic area
Hippobascidae
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The anterior pair on the metathoracic area are nothing more than __
halteres
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What are the two forms of flies that exist:
- Aquatic-- primitive
- Terrestrial-- highly adaptive
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What are the 3 groups that belong to the sub order: Orthorrhapha?
- Nematocera
- Brachycera
- Cyclorrhapha
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What is included in the Family Culicidae?
mosquitoes, sandflies, blackflies and midgies
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What is included in the family Tabanidae?
horseflies, deer flies
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What is included in group- Cyclorrhapha "most important"
- Oestridae (bots)
- Cuterebridae (bots)
- Calliphoridae (blow flies)
- Sarcophagidae (flesh flies)
- Hypodermatidae (bots & heel flies)
- Gasterophilidae (bots)
- Hyppoboscidae
- Muscidae (house flies)
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The family Muscidae, contains the 4 genuses, what are they?
- Musca (house and face fly)
- Stomoxys (stable fly)
- Haematobia (horn fly)
- Glossina (Tsetse fly)
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__ the most primitive of the suborder Orthorrhapha, antennae are long, many segmented and hairy. Made up of the gnats and the primary pathogen, the mosquitoe
Group Nematocerca
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__ some what more advanced than the primitive Nematocerca and belonging to the sub-order Orthorrhapha, they are stout and heavy built.
Group Brachycerca
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Noteworthy members of the family __ are comprised of horseflies and deerflies, neither of which bear heavily on the pathology of our domestic patients
Tabanidae
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the group __ is the primary pathological transport artist of the Orthorrhaphas
Cyclorrhapha
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musca domestica
common housefly
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musca autumnalis
face fly
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stomoxys calcitrans
stable fly
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haematobia irritans
horn fly
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__ when at rest in the environement their mouthparts project from the head at a right angle
Musca domestica
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What are some thelazia's of interest?
- Thelazia lacrymalis
- Thelazia skrjabini
- Thelazia gulosa
- Thelazia californiensis
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slightly less than __% of the horses surveyed in Kentucky were found infected with Thelazia lacrymalis
50%
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What families are refered to as "bots"
- Oestridae
- Cuterebridae
- Gasterophilidae
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What is the lifecycle of suborder Orthorrhaphas, Group-Namatocera, Family- Culicidae?
- 1. Egg is laid on water. Hatch in days. Air breathers
- 2. Larvae molts 4 times ending in pupae stage
- 3. Pupae develops into adult mosquitoes
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What are three stages of insects:
- larvae
- pupae
- imago (adult)
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__ are biological vectors for yellow fever, malaria, eastern equine encephalitis, Dirofilaria immits
mosquitos
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What is the lifecycle for the sub-order Orthorrhaphas, Group-Cyclorrhapha, Family- Muscidae(Musca domestica)
- 1. egg is laid on manure or organic material
- 2. 1st stage larvae emerge is 1-2 days
- 3. 1st stage larvae molts twice into 3rd stage
- 4. 3rd stage moves to dry medium and pupates
- 5. Pupa (4th stage) will mature to adult in 2-3 weeks
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What is the lifecycle for Musca autumnalis?
- 1. eggs are deposited in cattle droppings
- 2. Eggs hatch and larvae emerge
- 3. The larvae molt to pupae and imago
- 4. Imago fly away and continue life cycle
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Musca autumnalis serve as __ vectors for Thelazia lacrymalis for cattle and especially horses
mechincal
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What is the lifecycle for the Family- Muscidae, Stomoxys calcitrans?
- 1. flies feed on blood from horses primarily numerous times spreading blood borne viruses
- 2. The reproduce laying eggs in the grass where they hatch and molt to the imago
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What is the lifecycle for Family Muscidae, Haematobia irritans?
- 1. flies live on back and suck blood leaving their host only to lay eggs in the feces
- 2. larvae hatch immediately and feed on feces
- 3. pupation occurs in 4-5 days
- 4. Adult (imago) development in 11-12 days
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What belong to the family Calliphoridae?
- Oestridae
- Cuterebridae
- Gasterophilidae
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What is the lifecycle for the family Culcidae (the mosquitoes)?
- 1. egg is laid on water, hatch in days. air breathers
- 2. larvae molts 4 times ending in pupae stage
- three stages: larvae, pupae, imago (adult)
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What are mosquito biological vectors for?
yellow fever, malaria, eastern equine encephalitis, dirofilaria immits
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