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What are the accesory organs of digestion?
- Pancreas
- Salivary Glands
- Gall Bladder
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Three functions of digestive system
- Digestion
- Absoprtion
- Elimination
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Whats an esophagram?
Exam of phartynx and esophagus
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Another name of chewing
Mastification
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Whats the at of swalloin?
Deglution
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What closes off nasohparynx?
UVula
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What prevents food from reentring the mouth?
Toungue
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HOw long is the sophagus?
25 cm
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Where does the esphagus begin?
cricoid cartilage
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SWhere does the esophagus end?
T11
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Where is the twoo indentations of esophagus?
ARorthi cand left priamry bronchi
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Wave like series of cotnraction
peristalsis
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opening between esophgagus and stomach
Cardiac ORifice
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Opening of distal stomadc h
pyloric orifice
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Gastric folds are..
RUgae
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Pylorus is the most posterior oa anterior to the abdomina lwall?
Closest to the posterior abdominal wall
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What speeds up chemica ldigestion?
enzymes
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Simple sugars turn to... ?
Amino acids turn to..?
Fatty acids turn to...?
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What are the body habituses?
- Hypersthenic
- SThenic
- Asthenic
- Hypostehnic
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WHy use both thick and thin barium?
- Thick for coating
- Thin for pushing the cotnrast through the system
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What is considered negative?
NEgaitve - air/gas crystals
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Contraidiciations to water soluble iodineated cotnrast media?
- Allergies
- BUN and creaitne levels
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What are the threee routine proejctions for an esophagram? What are the projections and CR?
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Routine for an upper GI in order
AP, LPO, PA, RAO, Right Lateral
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What is the CR for the UGI's?
- Level L1
- Hyperstehnic - 2 inches above
- Hyposthenic - 2 inches down
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Wha obliquity is neccesary for sotmach?
- RAO - 40-70 degrees.
- LPO - 30-60 degree obliques
More obliquei for hyperstehnic
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What radiograph shows duodenum bulb filled with cotrast? Filled with air?
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What shows retorgatstric space?
Lateral
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What is achalasia?
Caridac spynchiter that dont work
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What is esophagreal varices
Big veins in esophagus
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What is GERD?
Gastero esophgeal reflux disease
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What is a bezor?
Mass of undigesteble material
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Hiatal hernia?
Stomach protrudes through cardiac sphincter
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THree parts of the small intesitne?
Which is the longest?
Duodenum, jejunum and ileum
Illeum = Longest
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Whats anotehr naem for apendix?
Vermiform
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What is the fucnction of the illeosecal valve?
- Controls flow of ocntents
- Prevents back flow
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Two parts of colon ahs widest freedom of omotion
Tranvesrse and sigmoid colon
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Whats taeni coli? whats haustra?
- Teni coli = the muscle
- Haustra = pouches
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What procedure is done when air or mmethylcellulose is injected in the bowel to distend it and provide doubel contrast study.
ennterocolosis
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What are the most anterior portions of the large intestines?
Transverse and sigmoid colons
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What temperature is said to have an anesthethic effect on the colon and aids to increase the retention of cotnras tmedia?
Cold temperature
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What position is used to relaxt the abdominal muscles so tip insertion cna be performed?
Sims position
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Whats the maximum height for the enema bag?
should not exceed 24 inches above th etable
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What projection is used for aroutine Small bowel series?
2 inches above illiac crest because barium didn't get down yet.
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What is the kvp range for a single contrast study of BE?
70-75 kvp
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What best demosntrates the hepatic flexure?
RAO and LPO
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What position best demonstrates the splenic flexure? How does the CR change?
- LAO and RPO
- You go 2 inches higher because the kidney is higher.
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What is the CR for sa lateral rectum or a ventral decubed rectum?
At the level of ASIS
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What flexure demonstrated on a right lateral decubed radiograph?
Splenix Flecure
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Why is a psot eveac film taken?
to Ensure that everything is emptied out
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Why are buttefly views taken?
To view the rectosigmoid colon
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What is the CR for an LPO axial obliquie butterfly position?
At level ASIS 30-40 degrees cephalic angle. 30-40 degree oblique
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What is the CR for a PA axial position?
30-40 degree caudad at level of ASIS
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What is colitis?
Inflammation of the colon
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How much bile does the liver secrete?
1 quart of bile
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Bile is formed in the liver and travels by the ________ ducts to the _________________. Bile is either carried to the ____________________ via the ______________ duct for temporary storage, or poured irectly itno the duodenum by the way of the _________________ duct, which is joined by hte main ______________ duct.
- Hepatic
- COmmon hepatic
- Gall BLadder
- Cystic Duct
- Pancreatic Duct
- Pancreatic Duct
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How long is the cystic duct? What do they contain?
The cystic duct is 3-4 cm long and they contain spiral valves that prevent collapse of the cystic duct.
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What are the three primary functions of the gall bladder.
- Storage
- Concentration
- Contraction
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When there are increasesd levels of _____________ this sphincter relaxes.
CCK
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What is another name for gallstones?
Choleliths
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Which kindye is lower, the left or the right kidney?
Right
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Where doe sthe urethers lie?
Anteriorly to the respective kidney and enters hte bladder posterolaterally.
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What does the psoas muscles do to the kidneys?
Rotates the back 30 degrees.
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With a 30 degree RPO, what kidney will be parallel to the film?
Left kidney.
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Each kidney is surroudned by a mass of fatty tissue called...
Perenal tissue
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The kidneys normally lie half way betweeen....
The xiphoid process and the illiac crest.
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Along the medial border of each kidney, a longitudianl fissure is located termed the
hymen
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The structural and functional unit of the kidney is..
Nephron
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The major calyces unite to form...
Renal Pelvis
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Directly under hte fibrous capsule sorrunding each kidney is the...
Cortex
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The three constricted points along the course of each ureter are...
- Ureteopelvic junction
- Pelvic BRim
- Urethevesicle
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The triangual portion fo thje bladder along the inner posterior surface is termed the ..
Trigone
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Involuntary urination is called..
Incontinence
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The act of voiding is called...
Mictification or urination
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What are contraindications to iodinated ocntrast?
Allergies
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What strucuttre is best demonstrated on an RPO radiograph during an IVP?
Left kidney and downside urether
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Whatr is the CR for an AP of the bladder during cystography?
2 inches above symphysis pubis, 10-15 degree caudad
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What is the fulcrum?
Pivot point where you see the object plane
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What is the objecdtive plane/focal plane?
Area your suppsoe to be seeing.
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What is expsorue angle?
How much lienar the tube goes back and forth.
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How does blur exposure angle affect blur?
A greater exposure angle = more thin cut = more blur
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How does the complexity in tub etrajectory affect the cut?
More complex = thinner cut
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The farter hthe object plane on an atomic structure, the _____ blurred the image wil lbe.
More
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The ____________ determines the thickness of the cut.
Angle
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Tomographic angles less tha n10 degrees are referred to as....
Zonography
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As contrast increases, thickness of the cut _________________
Decreases.
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What is the nromal blood pressure?
120-80
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What is hypertension? What is hypotension?
- Hyeprtension = High blood pressure
- Hypotension = Low blood pressure
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What is tachyardia? Whats the opposite of it?
- Tachyardia = rapid pulse
- Bradycardia = slow pulse
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What is the average pulse rate
60-90
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What is the normal average oral temperature? Rectal? axillary
- Normal temperature is 98.2 - 99. 7
- Axiallry is 1 degree below normal
- Rectal is 1 degree above normal
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What is hyperhtermia? Pyrexia? Hypothermia?
- Hyperthermia = above normal temperaure
- Pyrexia = same as hyperthermia
- Hypothermia = below normal temperatures
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What is the avarege respiration range?
12-20
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What is hyperventilation?
Breathing tooo much.
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What gauge needles may be used during venipuncture for IVPS?
- 19-21 gauge.
- 21 gauges are most common
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What is abuttefly set?
needle with plastic wing
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What is an iv catheter?
put hte needle into the arm but you remvoe the needle leaving a plastic tube for other insertions.
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What is extravasation? How do you prevent it?
What do you do if you suspect this?
When you go through the vein and fluid goes to the surrounding tissue.
Prevent it by checking for backflow of blood when injecting.
Pull out immediately if you suspect extravasation
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How hifg hmust the IV e kept above the level of the vein?
18-20 inches
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When shoudl wrist and hand veins be used?
If yo ucant get he anticubital vein
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What is the most ocmmon vein for venipuncuture?
median cubital vein.
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The torniquet should not be left on for mroe than..
60 seconds
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What is hemoconcentration?
concenratiton of blood practicles that cause blood clots
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What is embolism?
moving clot
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What veins are used for venipuncutre?
anticubital veins
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The toruniequet should be placed ____ to ____ inches above the site.
2-5 inches
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What does AIDETstand for?
Acknlowedge, Introduce, Duration, Explanation, Thank YOu
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Where would you get the most exposure if youre using a C arm?
You get the most exposure from the tube side
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Where should you stand whne theyre doing a lateral for fluroscopy?
Image intensifer side you get the least exposure
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Why are ionic interactions so bad?
They break apart into charged particles.
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