Liver cancer (also known as hepatocellular carcinoma)
(a) Highest percentage of all primary liver cancers
(b) Affects men more frequently than women
(c) Associated with dietary ingestion of mold toxins
True or False Liver Cancer is Not the same as metastatic liver cancer that originates in another organ and
spreads to the liver
True
Causes of Liver Cancer
Causes include alcohol abuse, autoimmune diseases of the liver, hepatitis B or C viral infection, and hemochromatosis
What is the 2nd most common cancer in women
Cervical
Cervical Cancer
(b) Incidence and mortality declined in Western societies
(c) Studies indicate role of human papillomavirus infection
Cervical Cancer risk factor include
high-risk sexual behavior, poor economic status, and weakened immune system
Two types of cells play a role in cervical cancer
squamous (most frequent form) and columnar
Cervical Cancer starts from a precancerous condition known as
dysplasia
Cerivical Cancer Diagnosed
by Pap smear
Uterine cancer and its linkage to reproductive life
(a)Higher in women who have never been pregnant
(b)Women in late menopause
Ovarian cancer
(a) Occurs in one or both ovaries
(b) May metastasize to other parts of the abdomen
(c) Minimal symptoms in early stages due to anatomical location of ovaries
(d) Frequently diagnosed in advanced stages
(e) Associated with family history
(f) Influenced by hormones and reproductive factors
Prostate cancer
(a) Third most prevalent in men worldwide
(b) Risk factors include age and diet
(c)Symptoms are due to benign prostatic hypertrophy include changes in urination, blood in urine, and lower abdominal pain resembling urinary tract infection
Cancer of the testes
(a) Most common form of cancer in men between 15 and 35 years of age
(b) Malignant tumors originate from two types of germ cells
(c) Detected by self-examination of the testes
Seminoma
cancer of sperm-producing cells, slow growing, sensitive to radiation, and more treatable than nonseminomas
Nonseminoma
cancerof embryonic cells, grows and spreads more rapidly than seminoma, and is difficult to treat
Lymphoma
(a)
Heterogenous group of neoplasms of lymphoid tissue
(b)
Major types include Hodgkin’s disease or lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
(c) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is the most prevalent form in the US and world
(d) The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells within the lymph node in Hodgkin’s disease or lymphoma differentiates it from Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
(e) Symptoms are similar for the two types of lymphomas
Leukemia
(a) Massive proliferation of immature forms of white blood cells
(b) Diagnosed more frequently in adults than children
(f) Symptoms for acute leukemia appear suddenly, while chronic leukemia progress
slowly
Leukemia classified based on?
(c) Malignancy classified based on involvement of lymphoid (B or T cells) or myeloid (bone marrow) tissue
(d) Further classified as either acute or chronic
Leukemia diagnoses
(e) Difficult to diagnose initially because symptoms resemble other less serious conditions
(g) Diagnosis includes blood tests to check for high levels of white blood cells and low levels platelets and hemoglobin, and biopsy to see if leukemic cells originated in the bone marrow
Pancreatic cancer
(a) Difficult to diagnose and treat
(b) Risk factors include cigarette smoking (smokers more likely to develop pancreatic cancer than nonsmokers) ad diet (low fiber and red meat)
(c)Survival rate is poor (<1-year survival once diagnosed)
Melanoma
(a) Malignancy of melanocytes, pigment-producing skin cells
(b) Most serious form of skin cancer causing most of the skin-related cancer deaths
(c)Less common than other skin cancers such as basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas
Melenoma Risk factors
(c) Light-skinned individuals at much greater risk than dark-skinned individuals
(d) Risk factors include sunlight industrial chemicals, past history of skin cancer
Melenoma Dected by
Detected by examination of skin- the ABCD rule (asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter)
