Cancer part 3

• fourth
•  

• adenocarcinoma
• •Starts from one of the common cell types found in the lining of the stomach

• •Advent of refrigeration
• •Year-round consumption of fruits and vegetables
• •Vitamin C
• •Whole grain cereals

•Starts in the large intestine or the rectum

• Modifiable risk factors
• •Diet (high-fat food, refined carbohydrates, animal
• protein)
• •Low physical activity
• Non-modifiable risk factors
• •Age
• •Familial

•Screening (fecal occult blood test)

•Colonoscopy

• (a) Highest percentage of all primary liver cancers
• (b) Affects men more frequently than women
• (c) Associated with dietary ingestion of mold toxins
•  

True

Causes include alcohol abuse, autoimmune diseases of the liver, hepatitis B or C viral infection, and hemochromatosis

Cervical

• (b) Incidence and mortality declined in Western societies
• (c) Studies indicate role of human papillomavirus infection

high-risk sexual behavior, poor economic status, and weakened immune system

squamous (most frequent form) and columnar

dysplasia

• (a)Higher in women who have never been pregnant
• (b)Women in late menopause

• (a) Occurs in one or both ovaries
• (b) May metastasize to other parts of the abdomen
• (c) Minimal symptoms in early stages due to anatomical location of ovaries
• (d) Frequently diagnosed in advanced stages
• (e) Associated with family history
• (f) Influenced by hormones and reproductive factors

• (a) Third most prevalent in men worldwide
• (b) Risk factors include age and diet
• (c)Symptoms are due to benign prostatic hypertrophy include changes in urination, blood in urine, and lower abdominal pain resembling urinary tract infection

• (a) Most common form of cancer in men between 15 and 35 years of age
• (b) Malignant tumors originate from two types of germ cells
• (c) Detected by self-examination of the testes

cancer of sperm-producing cells, slow growing, sensitive to radiation, and more treatable than nonseminomas

 cancerof embryonic cells, grows and spreads more rapidly than seminoma, and is difficult to treat

• (a)
• Heterogenous group of neoplasms of lymphoid tissue

• (b)
• Major types include Hodgkin’s disease or lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

• (c) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is the most prevalent form in the US and world
• (d) The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells within the lymph node in Hodgkin’s disease or lymphoma differentiates it from Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• (e) Symptoms are similar for the two types of lymphomas

• (a) Massive proliferation of immature forms of white blood cells
• (b) Diagnosed more frequently in adults than children
• (f) Symptoms for acute leukemia appear suddenly, while chronic leukemia progress
• slowly

• (c) Malignancy classified based on involvement of lymphoid (B or T cells) or myeloid (bone marrow) tissue
•  (d) Further classified as either acute or chronic

• (e) Difficult to diagnose initially because symptoms resemble other less serious conditions
•  (g) Diagnosis includes blood tests to check for high levels of white blood cells and low levels platelets and hemoglobin, and biopsy to see if leukemic cells originated in the bone marrow

• (a) Difficult to diagnose and treat
• (b) Risk factors include cigarette smoking (smokers more likely to develop pancreatic cancer than nonsmokers) ad diet (low fiber and red meat)
• (c)Survival rate is poor (<1-year survival once diagnosed)

• (a) Malignancy of melanocytes, pigment-producing skin cells
• (b) Most serious form of skin cancer causing most of the skin-related cancer deaths
• (c)Less common than other skin cancers such as basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas

(c) Light-skinned individuals at much greater risk than dark-skinned individuals

(d) Risk factors include sunlight industrial chemicals, past history of skin cancer

Detected by examination of skin- the ABCD rule (asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter)