MCAT 2.0

• Ectoderm - Epidermis, nervous, sebacious
• Mesoderm - Vasc., muscle, lymphatic
• Endoderm - lungs, digestive

-The process by which an unspecialized cell becomes a specialized cell.

• -All cells contain the same genetic info, but may be different sizes, shapes, and contain different organelles.
•  

-To split glucose molecules into pyruvates.

-Cytoplasm (cytosol)

• -Products
• 2 ATP
• 2 NADH
• 2 Pyruvates

Lacteals in the villi

-Mitochondria

• -Products
• 2 ATP
• 2 FADH₂
• 6 NADH (intermediates for ETC only. No other purpose) 

-Mitochondria

• -Products
• 32 ATP 

• Carbs
• Fats
• Proteins 

To add a carbon to carbon bond, usually in SN2 fashion.

Look for carbon chain with MgBr tail.

Will attack the carbon nearest the best leaving group. 

• NaBH₄ (sodium boro hydride)
• LiAlH (lithium aluminum hydride)
• Any metal with H₂ (hydrogen gas)

• Carbonyl carbon
• Alkene double bonds 

To take a base and attack carbonyls on molecules like triglycerides in order to make soap.

ADH makes the distal convoluted tubule more permeable to H₂O, therefore increasing H₂O reabsorption.

Increases bp 

Aldosterone increases Na⁺ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct thus increasing osmotic pressure and increasing H₂O reabsorption.

Increases bp

C–H

–∆H = exothermic

+∆H = endothermic

–∆G = spontaneous

+∆G = non-spontaneous

–∆S = more ordered (less entropy)

+∆S = less ordered (more entropy)

∆G = ∆H - T∆S

• ∆G - Gibbs
• ∆H - Enthalpy
• ∆S - Entropy
• T - Temp K

• Figure out moles
• Balance the equation
• Check ratios
• Transfer numbers accurately 

˚E⁺ will occur

˚E^– will not occur

360˚ = 2πrads

The loss of an electron to form a cation, which is always endothermic.