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Maki6tu
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Skin layers from surface going inward
- Ectoderm - Epidermis, nervous, sebacious
- Mesoderm - Vasc., muscle, lymphatic
- Endoderm - lungs, digestive
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Differentiation concept
-The process by which an unspecialized cell becomes a specialized cell.
- -All cells contain the same genetic info, but may be different sizes, shapes, and contain different organelles.
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Glycolysis purpose, location and products
-To split glucose molecules into pyruvates.
-Cytoplasm (cytosol)
- -Products
- 2 ATP
- 2 NADH
- 2 Pyruvates
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What absorbs fats into the lymphatic system?
Lacteals in the villi
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Krebs cycle location and products
-Mitochondria
- -Products
- 2 ATP
- 2 FADH2
- 6 NADH (intermediates for ETC only. No other purpose)
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ETC location and products
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The body's prefered food sources in order
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Primary purpose of Grignard reactions
To add a carbon to carbon bond, usually in SN2 fashion.
Look for carbon chain with MgBr tail.
Will attack the carbon nearest the best leaving group.
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Three primary reducing agents
- NaBH4 (sodium boro hydride)
- LiAlH (lithium aluminum hydride)
- Any metal with H2 (hydrogen gas)
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Favored places for reductions
- Carbonyl carbon
- Alkene double bonds
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Primary purpose of Saponification reactions
To take a base and attack carbonyls on molecules like triglycerides in order to make soap.
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ADH function
ADH makes the distal convoluted tubule more permeable to H2O, therefore increasing H2O reabsorption.
Increases bp
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Aldosterone function
Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct thus increasing osmotic pressure and increasing H2O reabsorption.
Increases bp
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Which single bond is the shortest?
C–H
C–O
C–C
O–N
C–H
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Difference between (+,–) ∆H
–∆H = exothermic
+∆H = endothermic
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Difference between (+,–) ∆G
–∆G = spontaneous
+∆G = non-spontaneous
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Difference between (+,–) ∆S
–∆S = more ordered (less entropy)
+∆S = less ordered (more entropy)
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Fundamental Thermodynamic Relation formula
∆G = ∆H - T∆S
- ∆G - Gibbs
- ∆H - Enthalpy
- ∆S - Entropy
- T - Temp K
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When solving for gen chem crap
- Figure out moles
- Balance the equation
- Check ratios
- Transfer numbers accurately
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With batteries (cells), which reduction potential is going to take place and which won't?
˚E+ will occur
˚E– will not occur
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Radians and degrees conversion
360˚ = 2πrads
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Ionization refers to:
The loss of an electron to form a cation, which is always endothermic.
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