micro chpter 13

What do virus use to attach to their host?

What do WORMS and PROTOZANS use to attach to their host?

What do BACTERIA use to attach to their host?

An animal / organism that spread disease from host to host?
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An organism (e.g. mosquitoe) that transmits a disease causing organism is a ___________ ?

A pathogen exoenzyme that cause BLOOD CLOTHs to form ?

An organism that is able to cause disease in a normal healthy (susceptible) host with intact immune defense ?

A pathogen (e.g. Streptococcus Pneumoniae) uses ____________ that allow the microbe to slip away from phagocytes preventing membrane engulmnt?

A pattern of infection which spreads all over the body (e.g Syphilis & Chenken Pox)?

A pattern of infection in which more that one microbe is causing the infection?

E.g. wound contaminated with soil /feces

A pattern of infection in which one area of the body is affected and normally does'nt spread?

E.g. Wart & Biols

A pattern of infection which occurs in a health host ?

E.g. Cold & Flu viruses

A pattern of infection that will only affect a host after a previous infection has weaken the host's immune system?

A pattern of infection which incubates quickly & last for a short period?

E.g. Cold, Ebola and Flu

A pattern of infection that takes longer to incubate and last longer?

E.g: Tuberclosis = fatal
        Ringworm = irritating & painful

An infection that is usually aquired while at the hospital?

Examples of Communicabel (DIRECT CONTACT) through which humans get infected ?

This type of disease is not spread from host to host; it may be caused by Normal Flora in a compromised host.
- It could be aquired when a host has contact with a facultative parasite?

E.g: Tetanus = wound exposed to soil /feces

This type of diseae is easily spread from host to host via respiratory route?

- Air borne: chenke pox & Tuberclosis
- Easily Communicable
- They could be aquired by direct contact

This type of disease is constantly present worldwide?

- present in the population of every country
- endermic worldwide
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The spread of an epidemic across continents is ______ ?

An organism that infects host whose immune system (defense system) has been compromised by predisposing conditions?

- Such persons being: the elderly, very young children, mal-nurished pple and the sick

The invasion & colonization of a host by pathogens is refered to as ?
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A process that involves damage being done to the host is known as ?

Most microbes are likely to have the most difficulty entering through which portal of entry?

The study of factors taht affect disease in population is known as ?
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This study has an important application in public health and preventive medicine?
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The study of the spread and prevalence of diseases is refered to as ?

List 6 significant interactions that occurs between us and our Normal Flora?

Describe 3 portals of pathogen entry into humans?

Microbes that live on host, but normally do not cause infection or damage the host are ?
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An organism that colonize a host but do not cause disease is know as ?

Microbes that stay on a host (occupy the body) for a short period of time are refered to as ?

A host that pathogens live on but this host does not show systoms of a disease is ?

A specific chemical product of microbes, plants and some animals which has poisonous effect on other organisms ?
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A harmful substance produced by a microbe ?

Toxins that enter the body via injection are refered to as ?

A toxin secreted by living bacterial cell into the infected tissues?

- This toxing is a PROTEIN

This toxin is released only after the cell is damaged or lysed.
- It is a lipopolysaccharide released by Gram -ve bacteria when they die.
- It requires a high concentration to have an effect.
- It works by over stimulating the body's defense system
- It has no anti-toxins

A substance secreted by pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoan, and worm that break down and inflict damage on host tissues ?

List the major reservoirs of infection for human and state how they might spread diseases?

A category of toxin (exotoxin) that disrupts cells that line the digestive tract are called?

They are extreamly toxic at low temp.

This category of toxin (exotoxin) stop the transmission of neural signals OR block the flow of Neurotrasmitters?

- They are extreamly toxic at low temp
E.g:
- BOTULINUM toxin from Clostridium Botulinum
- TETANUS toxin from Clostridium Tetani

This category of toxin (exotoxin) destroys RBCs
- They are extreamly toxic at low tempratures

Which category of toxin (exotoxin) kill cells?
- It can cause death by killing cells in the heart
- It is extreamly toxic at low temprature
- E.g: DIPHTHERIA toxin produced from Corynebacterium Diphtheriae attaches to 80s ribosomes stopping protein systhesis.

A disease in which the toxin is spread by BLOOD from the site of infection is called?

Name the normal resident floras of the ORAL CAVITY?

Name the normal resident floras of the LARGE INTESTINE?

Name the normal resident floras of the UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT?

- similar to those of the oral cavity
- regions: Nasal passaages, throat & pharynx

Name the normal resident floras of the GENITAL TRACT?

- Femal genitals, viginal & cervical surfaces

Name the normal resident floras of the ANTERIOR URETHRA (Urinary Tract)?

Name the normal resident floras of the SKIN?

Name the normal resident floras of the ORGANS & FLUIDS inside the body?

- Brian, muscles, liver tissues, blood, lymph fluid and urine.

Disease spread from one host to another through direct /indirect contact?

E.g: gonorrhea - direct contact
        chicken pox - indirect

A disease in which the number of people with the disease are increasing in the population ?

This disease occurs constantly in a population.

An infectious disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long time period in a particular geographic locale?

E.g: Epstein Barr virus

A disease that affects a population and only occurs occasionally

E.g:
 - salmonellosis - food contaminated with salmonella bacteria
- Measles

A pathogen that has the ability to escape phagocytosis and have toxins that kill phagocytes (neutrophils)?

The study of all aspects of the infection process (disease process) is ?

Indirect routes of communicable diseases are:

The degree to which a microbe can invade and damage host tissues?
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The serverity of damage a disease causing organism causes on its host's tissues?

Toxin (pathogen) exoenzyme gain by microbes and use to cause a much more severe disease on the host?
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any characteristic / structure / properties of a microbe that leads (contributes) to pathological effects (disease state) on the host?

A MICROBES ABILITY TO CAUSE DISEASE AND INFECTION  is known as ?

A genetic trait of a pathogen that is mutated and the microbe no longer have the ability to cause disease ?
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A mutant strain of a new bacteria pathogen which does not produce fimbriae and can no longe cause any disease suggest ____________ ?

The minimum number of microbes required to cause infection by a specific pathogen?

A pathogen exoenzyme that destroys FIBRIN CLOTS and expidit the invation of damaged tissues ?

A pathoden exoenzyme that breaks up the sticky proteins in mucous membranes?

- It digest the protective coating on mucous membranes and is a factor in amoebic dysentery.

This pathogen exoenzyme cause HOST CELLs TO SEPARATE ?

This pathogen exoenzyme cases the BREAK DWON OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES ?

KOCHS Postulates:
- Method used to establish proof of the cause of a disease.