Neurology A&P

• Brain and Spinal Cord
• interprets incoming sensory information and issues instructions.

• Lies outside the CNS
• 2 Divisions
• Somatic nervous System - voluntary
• Autonomic System - Involuntary

• Division of the Peripheral Nervous system.
• Sends messages from CNS to skeletal muscles.
• Voluntary

• Division of the Peripheral Nervous system.
• Sends messages from the CNS to Smooth muscle, Cardiac Muscles, and certain glands.
• Maintains internal homeostasis

• Sympathetic Nervous System - fight or flight (raises vital signs and increases secretions of adrenal gland)
• Parasympathetic Nervous System - calms the body lowers vital signs and adrenal hormone output

• Neurons - carry messages to and from the brain ad spinal cord.
• Neuroglial (Glial cells) - support cells that protect neurons while producing CSF

Cylindric extension of the nerve cell conducts impulses away from the neuron

Extend from the cell body of the neuron and receive impulses

There is never a partial transmission of a message. Impulse is either strong enough to elicit a response or to week to generate the message

The junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies.

• Acetylcholine
• Norepinephrine
• Dopamine
• Serotonin

speeds transmission of impulse

Maintains arousal (awakening from deep sleep)

Affects motor functions (gross subconscious movements)

• Induces sleep
• Affects sensory perception
• Controls temp
• Role in control of mood

• Cerebrum
• Diencephalon
• Cerebellum
• Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)

• Bands of gray matter deep within the cerebral hemispheres
• Forms the extrapyramidal system
• Controls automatic movement associated with skeletal muscle activity.

• Cerebral cortex - outer gray matter
• Gyri - Convolutions folds
• sulci - Fissures grooves
• Corpus Callosum - Connecting structure

• Frontal
• Parietal
• Temporal
• Occipital

• Write and Speak (Broca's area)
• Motor ability
• Intellectualization

• interpretation of sensory impulses from skin
• Determination of left from right

• Language comprehension (Wernicke's Area)
• Auditory stimuli

Interpretation of visual impulses

• Thalamus -relay station (pain, light, touch and pressure)
• Hypothalamus - body temp, fluid balance, appetite, sleep, fear, pleasure, and pain

Relay station (pain, light, touch and pressure)

• Body temp, fluid balance, appetite, sleep, fear, pleasure, and pain.
• controls Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic system,
• Influences heartbeat, Blood vessel contraction and relaxation, hormone secretion and vital body functions.

• Coordination of voluntary movement
• Maintenance of balance, equilibrium, muscle tone

• portion of the brainstem
• movement
• relay of impulses
• auditory and visual reflexes

• Portion of the brainstem
• sends impulses to structures inferior and superior
• Contains respiratory centers

• controls heartbeat
• rhythm of breathing
• swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, hiccups

• Three layers of connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord.
• Dura mater - outermost layer
• Arachnoid membrane - second layer
• Pia mater - innermost layer, provides oxygen and nourishment to the nervous tissue

Four cavities in the brain where cerebrospinal fluid is formed.

contains protein, glucose, urea, salts and substances that for a blood-brain barrier.

• conduct impulses to and from the brain
• center for reflex actions (knee jerk or patellar reflex)

• 31 pairs named according to corresponding vertebra
• Transmits sensory info to the spinal cord through the afferent neuron (away from body part)
• and motor info from the CNS to the various areas of the body through efferent neurons (to the body part).

• 12 Pairs
• 11 conduct impulses between the head, neck and brain
• 1 (vagus nerve) serves organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities