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when the face conveys multiple emotions One emotion shown in one facial area and another emotion in another area Two different emotions shown in one part of the face
Affect blend
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listener responses during conversation that signal attentiveness and involvement that are meant to facilitate and encourage the other's speech
Backchannels
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The 6 basic emotions (most universally recognized):
- 1. Anger – eyebrows lowered and together, jaw’s clenched
- 2. Disgust – raised upper lip, wrinkled nose, squinted eyes.
- 3. Fear – raised eyebrows, wrinkles in the forehead, open jaw, and tight lipped
- 4. Happiness – lips up, cheeks raised, and crinkled eyes
- 5. Sadness – eyebrows up, eyes open, mouth turned down
- 6. Surprise – brows raised, wide eyes, open jaw
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Facial expressions are virtually never simply emotional and are, instead, always acted for social purposes
Behavioral ecology theory
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The 5 categories of touch:
Functional/Professional Touch, Social/Polite Touch Friendship/Warmth Touch Love/Intimate Touch Sexual touch
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1. Communicative intent: accomplish a task or perform a service; Impersonal; cold and businesslike; The other person is considered an object or nonperson
Functional/Professional Touch
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Communicative intent: Affirm the other’s identity as a person; Show awareness of social rules for conduct and politeness; Little perceived involvement between the interactants
Social/Polite Touch
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Communicative intent: expresses liking and recognition of the other person’s uniqueness; Other person considered a friend; Depending on the context, it can be misunderstood as intimate or sexual touch
Friendship/Warmth Touch
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Communicative intent: expresses emotional attachment or attraction; The other person is an object of these feelings of intimacy; Touch very adapted to the specific other person
Love/Intimate Touch
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touch as an experience of physical attraction only
Sexual touch
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Competent vocal cues:
- · Fluent, non-hesitant speech
- Shorter response latencies (length of pause when speakers switch turns) More pitch variation
- · Louder voice
- · Faster speech (measured by words per minute or length of pauses)
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when the goal of the touch is to persuade the other to do something
Compliance touch
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when we adapt our speech behavior to be more similar to the other person
· Occurs under 3 conditions:
1. When people desire social approval
2. When people desire efficient communication
3. When the social norms permit it
Convergence
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when we intensify our own speech pattern rather than adapting to them
· We do this for 2 reasons:
1. When we see the encounter as being group to group rather than person to person and we want to establish our positive social/group identity (Can happen a lot in political situations)
2. When we want to bring another person/person's speech behaviors to our acceptable level (An attempt to make them converge to us)
Divergence
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Deception cues:
Arousal, Cognitive load
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· heightened tension, anxiety, or nervousness
A person can be anxious about the lie they’re telling or about the other person finding out that they’re lying
Arousal
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· how much mental processing you have to do to tell a lie; it generally takes more brainpower than telling the truth
Cognitive load
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determining when deception is occurring
Deception detection
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Eye gaze direction and thinking:
- · When a person moves his or her eyes in a particular direction, it is thought to reflect activity in the opposite sphere of the brain
- o “Left-movers” – right hemisphere activity; involving spatial or emotional processing
- o “Right-movers” – left hemisphere activity; involving intellectual and linguistic tasks
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The Facial Action Coding System (FACS):
- · Developed by Eckman and Friesen
- · Allows emotion researchers to describe objectively what movements have occurred on the face and to categorize a face as showing a given emotion
- · Each muscle moving is called an "action unit"
- Over 40 distinct units have been identified
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The tendency to give more weight to the face than to other communication channels
Facial primacy
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Factors that influence gaze:
- 1. Distance
- 2. Physical characteristics
- 3. Personal and personality characteristics
- 4. Topics and tasks
- 5. Cultural background and racial attitudes
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Male flirting behaviors:
- o Males flaunt their resources through the things thaty say and the material possessions they display
- o They compete with other men
- o Judge women primarily based on appearance
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4 Functions of gazing:
- Regulatory
- Monitoring
- Cognitive
- Expressive
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Functions of touch:
- · Positive affect
- · Negative affect
- · Play
- · Influence
- · Interaction management
- · Physiological stimulus
- o Sexual interaction
- o Touch is calming
- o Increased anxiety is associated w unexpected touches
- · Interpersonal responsiveness: concerns the level of involvement, responsiveness, or activity of the communicators
- · Task related: e.g. helping someone out of a car, handing someone an object
- · Healing: touch helps sick people heal faster
- · Symbolism: represents the significance of the relationship, ritual, or occasion
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- an individual's looking behavior, which may or may not be at the other person
Gaze
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the two people are looking at each other
Mutual gaze
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(Liking behavior)the cluster of behaviors that indicate greater closeness or liking
Immediacy
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Facial expressions, lasting 1/5 or 2/5 of a second, that reveal actual emotional states but are condensed in time because of repressive processes; often incompatible with both the expression and the person's words
Micro-momentary facial expressions
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Behaviors displayed when 2 people of the opposite sex are engaged in interaction that could be used during courtship but that also could be used to communicate affiliative interest of a nonromantic type.
Quasi-courtship behaviors:
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Types of public body contact occurring between two people signaling that some kind of relationship exists between the two participants
Tie signs:
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3 types of glances in flirting:
- 1. Scanning the room
- 2. Fleeting glance
- 3. Fixed gaze
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Vocal characteristics (intensity) energy value for a speech sound
Volume or loudness
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