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Function of Stabilizer Muscles
Supports body while prime movers and synergists perform movement patterns
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Function of Synergist Muscles
Assist prime movers during movement
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Function of Agonist Muscles
Prime Movers responsible for particular movement
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Function of Antagonist Muscles
Opposite action of prime movers
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Type IIa Muscle Fibers
-Type II used for
-Twitch speed
- Color
-Larger or smaller than Type I
-Oxidative capacity
-Fatigue rate
-Speed reaches max tension
- -Force and power (sprint)
- -Fast Twitch
- -White
- -Larger
- -Higher oxidative capacity
- -Slower fatigue rate
- -Quicker
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Type IIb Muscle Fibers
-Type II used for
-Twitch speed
- Color
-Oxidative capacity
-Fatigue rate
- -Force and Power (sprint)
- -Fast Twitch
- -White
- -Lower oxidative capacity
- - Quick fatigue
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Type I Muscle Fibers
-Type I used for
-Twitch speed
-Color
-Larger or smaller than Type II's
-Fatigue rate
-Speed reaches maximal tension
- -Stabilization and posture
- -Slow Twitch
- -Red
- -Smaller
- -Slower fatigue rate
- -Slower to reach max tension
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Sliding Filament Theory- how does contraction of filaments within sarcomere take place
- Sarcomere shortens=Z lines move closer together
- -Myosin heads attach to actin filament and asynchronously pull (power strokes) the actin filament across mysosin
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Sarcomere
Function unit of muscle (repeating sections of Actin and Myosin)
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Myofibril
-Contains 2 types of what
- Contains two myofilaments that are the contractile components of muscle tissue
- -Actin (thin filament)
- -Myosin (thick filament)
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Sarcolemma
Plasma membrane that encases muscle fibers (and cell components)
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Motor Unit
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers with which it connects (innervates)
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Neuromuscular Junction
Point where neuron meets individual muscle (synapse between nerve and muscle fiber)
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Acetylcholine
-what and what it does
- -Neurotransmitter that crosses synapse from from to neuron to muscle
- -It stimulates muscle to begin movement sequence
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Excitation-Contraction Coupling
The entire process of of neural stimulation creating a muscle contraction- from neural activation to sliding filament.
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Neural Activation
Contraction of muscle generated by neural stimulation
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Troponin
-where found and what it does
- -Found on the actin
- -Provides binding sites for calcium and tropomyosin when muscle needs to contract
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Tropomyosin
Found on the actin. Keeps myosin from attaching to actin when muscle relaxed.
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Tendons
-what they do
-what they act as
-vascularity
- -Attach muscles to bone
- -Anchor from which muscle can exert force and control bone and joint
- -Poor vascularity
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Fascicle
Bundle of muscles
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Perimysium
Wraps around fascicle
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Epimysium
Surrounds muscle. Under fascia.
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Fascia
-what does it help to form
- Outermost layer of muscle bundle
- -Helps form muscle tendon
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Ligament
-What it does
-Vascularity
- -Connective tissue for joints connecting bone to bone
- -Provides static and dynamic stability and input to nervous system
- -Poor vascularity
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Synovial Joints
-Purpose
- Joints held together by joint capsule and ligaments
- -Most associated with movement in the body
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Nonsynovial Joints
No joint cavity, fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. Little or no movement (sutures of skull)
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Appendicular Skeleton
Upper and lover extremities, shoulders and pelvis girdle (126 bones)
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Bones
-2 main functions
- -Leverage: act as levers when acted on by muscles
- -Provide Support: efficiently distribution of forces acting on body
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Processes
Bone protrusions where muscles, tendons and ligaments attach
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Depressions
Flattened or indented portion of bone where muscles can attach
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Arthrokinematics
Joint motion: Roll, slide, spin
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Joint Capsule
-What
-Where
- -At all synovial joints
- -Compartment of fluid and tissue surrounding joint
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Joint Receptors
- Type of what
-Where
-Function
- -Sensory receptor
- -In and around joint capsule
- -Respond to pressure and acceleration and deceleration of joint
- - Act to signal extreme joint position (prevent injury)
- -Act to initiate reflexive inhibitory response if too much stress on joint
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Axial Skeleton
Skull, rib cage, vertebral column (80 bones)
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Kinetic Chain
Combination and interrelation of nervous, muscular and skeletal systems
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Sensory Function of Nervous System
Ability to sense change in internal or external environment
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Integrative Function of nervous system
Ability to analyze and interpret sensory info to allow proper decision making which will produce appropriate response
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Central Nervous System
-Made up of
Brain and Spinal Chord
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Motor Function of nervous system
Neuromuscular response to sensory info
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Peripheral Nervous System
-What does it connect
-Function
- Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout body
- -Connects nervous system to muscle
- -Relays info back to brain
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Mechanoreceptors
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing body tissue distortion
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Muscle Spindles
-where
-function
- A mechanoreceptor -major sensory organ of muscles
- -Sits next to muscle
- -Will cause muscle to contract to prevent injury
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Golgi Tendon Organs
-where
-function
- A mechanoreceptor- sensitive to muscular tension and rate of tension change
- - Where muscle and tendon meet
- -Will cause muscle to relax to prevent injury when under heavy stress
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