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The citric acid cycle operates under (aerobic or anaerobic) conditions only.
Aerobic
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What cycle oxidizes the two-carbon acetyl group in acetyl CoA to 2 CO2?
Citric Acid Cycle
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The citric acid cycle produces reduced coenzymes ____ and ____ and 1 ___ directly.
NADH and FADH2; ATP
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In the citric acid cycle, acetyl (2 C) bonds to oxaloacetate (4 C) to form what?
Citrate (6 C)
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In the citric acid cycle, oxidation and decarboxylation reactions convert citrate to what?
Oxaloacetate
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In the citric acid cycle, oxalocetate bonds with another what to repeat the cycle?
Acetyl
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What combines with the 2-carbon acetyl group to form citrate?
Oxaloacetate
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Citrate isomerizes into what?
Isocitrate
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True or False: Citrate has a tertiary –OH group converted to a secondary –OH in isocitrate that can’t be oxidized.
False, it CAN be oxidized
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Isocitrate undergoes what that removes carbon in the form of CO2?
Decarboxylation
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Isocitrate oxidizes the –OH to a _____ releasing H+ and 2 e-.
Ketone
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Isocitrate provides H to reduce coenzyme NAD+ into what?
NADH
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a-Ketoglutarate undergoes decarboxylation to form what?
Succinyl CoA
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a-Ketoglutarate produces a 4-carbon compound that bond to what?
CoA
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a-Ketoglutarate provides H+ and 2 e- to reduce what into NADH?
NAD+
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Succinyl CoA undergoes hydrolysis what bond?
The thioester bond
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What provides energy to add phosphate to GDP and form GTP because it’s a high-energy compound?
Succinyl CoA
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Succinate under goes what to lose 2 hydrogens and form a double bond?
Dehydrogenation
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Succinate provides 2 hydrogen to reduce FAD into what?
FADH2
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True or False: Fumarate undergoes hydration to add water to the double bond.
True
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Fumarate is converted into what?
Malate
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Malate undergoes what to form oxaloacetate with a C=O double bond?
Dehydrogenation
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Malate provides 2 hydrogen that reduce NAD+ into what?
NADH + H+
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What cause the reaction rate for the citric acid cycle to increase?
It increases when low levels of ATP and NAD+ activate isocitrate dehydrogenase
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What cause the reaction rate for the citric acid cycle to decrease?
It decrease when high levels of ATP or NADH inhibit citrate synthetase (first step in cycle)
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What are oxidized and reduced as hydrogen and/or electrons are transferred from one carrier to the next?
Electron carries
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What are 4 types of electron carriers?
FMN, Fe-S clusters, Coenzyme Q, and cytochromes
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Electron carriers accept hydrogen and electrons from what?
The reduced coenzymes
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Electron carries are oxidized and reduced to provide what?
Energy for the synthesis of ATP
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FMN coenzyme contains what?
Flavin, ribitol, and phosphate
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What accepts 2 H+ + 2 e- to form reduced coenzyme FMNH2?
FMN coenzyme
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What are groups of proteins containing iron ions and sulfide?
Fe-S clusters
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What accept electrons to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ , and lose electrons to re-oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ ?
Fe-S clusters
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Coenzyme Q (Q or CoQ) is a mobile electron carrier derived from what?
Quinone
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Coenzyme Q (Q or CoQ) is reduced when what?
The keto groups accept 2 H+ and 2 e-
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Cytochromes (cyt) are proteins containing what?
Heme groups with iron ions
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What is the abbreviation for cytochromes?
Cyt
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Electron transport uses what to transfer hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH and FADH2 until they combine with oxygen?
Electron carries
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Electron transport forms what and produces what?
Forms H2O and produces ATP energy
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In what system are electron carriers attached to the inner membrane of the mitochondrion?
The electron transport system
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In the electron transport system, there are how many protein complexes?
4
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In which NADH Dehydrogenase complex does hydrogen and electrons transfer from NADH to FMN, and then FMNH2 transfers hydrogen to Fe-S clusters and then to coenzyme Q reducing Q and regenerating FMN?
Complex 1
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In Complex I of NADH Dehydrogenase, what is the overall reaction?
QH2, a mobile carrier, transfer hydrogen to Complex III
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In Complex II of Succinate Dehydrogenase, there is a (higher or lower) energy level than Complex I.
Lower
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In Complex II of Succinate Dehydrogenase, FADH2 transfers what to the coenzyme Q?
Hydrogen and Electrons
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In Complex II of Succinate Dehydrogenase, Q is reduced into what and what is regenerated?
Q is reduced to QH2 and FAD is regenerated
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What is QH2?
A mobile carrier, that transfers hydrogen to Complex III
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In Complex III of CoQ-Cytochrome c Reducatase, electrons are transferred from QH2 to what?
Two Cyt b
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In Complex III of CoQ-Cytochrome c Reducatse, each Cyt b (Fe3+) is reduced into what?
Cyt b (Fe2+)
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In Complex III of CoQ-Cytochrome c Reducatase, what is regenerated?
Q
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In which complex are electrons transferred from Cyt b to Fe-S clusters, to Cyt C1, and to Cyt c, the second mobile carrier?
Complex III
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In Complex IV of Cytochrome c Oxidase, electrons are transferred from what --> to what --> to what?
Cyt c to Cyt a --> Cyt a to Cyt a3 --> Cty a3 to oxygen and H+ to form water
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