Chem. Ch 23

The citric acid cycle operates under (aerobic or anaerobic) conditions only.

What cycle oxidizes the two-carbon acetyl group in acetyl CoA to 2 CO2?

The citric acid cycle produces reduced coenzymes ____ and ____ and 1 ___ directly.

In the citric acid cycle, acetyl (2 C) bonds to oxaloacetate (4 C) to form what?

In the citric acid cycle, oxidation and decarboxylation reactions convert citrate to what?

In the citric acid cycle, oxalocetate bonds with another what to repeat the cycle?

What combines with the 2-carbon acetyl group to form citrate?

Citrate isomerizes into what?

True or False: Citrate has a tertiary –OH group converted to a secondary –OH in isocitrate that can’t be oxidized.

Isocitrate undergoes what that removes carbon in the form of CO2?

Isocitrate oxidizes the –OH to a _____ releasing H+ and 2 e-.

Isocitrate provides H to reduce coenzyme NAD+ into what?

a-Ketoglutarate undergoes decarboxylation to form what?

a-Ketoglutarate produces a 4-carbon compound that bond to what?

a-Ketoglutarate provides H+ and 2 e- to reduce what into NADH?

Succinyl CoA undergoes hydrolysis what bond?

What provides energy to add phosphate to GDP and form GTP because it’s a high-energy compound?

Succinate under goes what to lose 2 hydrogens and form a double bond?

Succinate provides 2 hydrogen to reduce FAD into what?

True or False: Fumarate undergoes hydration to add water to the double bond.

Fumarate is converted into what?

Malate undergoes what to form oxaloacetate with a C=O double bond?

Malate provides 2 hydrogen that reduce NAD+ into what?

What cause the reaction rate for the citric acid cycle to increase?

What cause the reaction rate for the citric acid cycle to decrease?

What are oxidized and reduced as hydrogen and/or electrons are transferred from one carrier to the next?

What are 4 types of electron carriers?

Electron carriers accept hydrogen and electrons from what?

Electron carries are oxidized and reduced to provide what?

FMN coenzyme contains what?

What accepts 2 H+ + 2 e- to form reduced coenzyme FMNH2?

What are groups of proteins containing iron ions and sulfide?

What accept electrons to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ , and lose electrons to re-oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ ?

Coenzyme Q (Q or CoQ) is a mobile electron carrier derived from what?

Coenzyme Q (Q or CoQ) is reduced when what?

Cytochromes (cyt) are proteins containing what?

What is the abbreviation for cytochromes?

Electron transport uses what to transfer hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH and FADH2 until they combine with oxygen?

Electron transport forms what and produces what?

In what system are electron carriers attached to the inner membrane of the mitochondrion?

In the electron transport system, there are how many protein complexes?

In which NADH Dehydrogenase complex does hydrogen and electrons transfer from NADH to FMN, and then FMNH2 transfers hydrogen to Fe-S clusters and then to coenzyme Q reducing Q and regenerating FMN?

In Complex I of NADH Dehydrogenase, what is the overall reaction?

In Complex II of Succinate Dehydrogenase, there is a (higher or lower) energy level than Complex I.

In Complex II of Succinate Dehydrogenase, FADH2 transfers what to the coenzyme Q?

In Complex II of Succinate Dehydrogenase, Q is reduced into what and what is regenerated?

What is QH2?

In Complex III of CoQ-Cytochrome c Reducatase, electrons are transferred from QH2 to what?

In Complex III of CoQ-Cytochrome c Reducatse, each Cyt b (Fe3+) is reduced into what?

In Complex III of CoQ-Cytochrome c Reducatase, what is regenerated?

In which complex are electrons transferred from Cyt b to Fe-S clusters, to Cyt C1, and to Cyt c, the second mobile carrier?

In Complex IV of Cytochrome c Oxidase, electrons are transferred from what --> to what --> to what?