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Bundles of peripheral axons are called
nerves
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These cells form myelin sheaths on axons in the CNS
oligodendoytes
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Neurotransmitters such as acetycholine are involved in allowing the neural impule to cross the
synaptic cleft
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This part of the nervous system regulates the body's involutary functions
ANS - Anatomic Nervous System
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The "fight or flight" response is controlled by the _________ division of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic
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Which fluid is found in the posterior cavity of the eye?
Vitreous Humor
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The transparent body behind the pupil that helps focus light rays on the retina?
Lens
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The ___________ is the autitory ossicle that is in direct contact with the tympanic membrane
Malleus
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What contents are in the CNS (Central Nervous System)?
Brain and Spinal Cord
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What is the PNS and its contents?
The peripheral nervous system and it contains all nerves other than the brain and spinal cords (cranial nerves, spinal nerves, somatic nerves, etc.)
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What are the involunary motor nerves of the peripheral nervous system?
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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What are the voluntary motor nerves of the peripheral nervous system?
Somatic Motor Nerves
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What two types of cells are found in the nervous system that are specialized connective tissue?
Neurons (nerve cells) & Glia cells - neurons conduct impulses and glia cells support neurons
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What are the three main parts of a neuron?
Dendrites, Axon, and Cell Body
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What is the function of a dendrite?
conducts impulses to the cell body of a neuron - Carries in the information
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What is the function of an axon?
Conducts impules away from the cell body of a neuron - Carries out the information
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Neurons are classified according to their direction in which they transmit impulses called_____?
Sensory (afferent) neurons, Motor (efferent) neurons, and sometimes internuerons (central neurons)
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What do sensory neurons do?
They conduct impulses to the spinal cord and brain - called afferent neurons
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What do motor neurons do?
They conduct impulses away from the brain and spinal cord - called efferent neurons
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What do interneurons do?
They conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons
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The axon is surrounded by a segmented wrapping of a material called ________?
myelin - a white fatty substance formed by Schwann cells
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What are glia cells?
Also called neuroglia - they do not specialize in transmitting inpulses, they hold neurons together and protect them
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What are the three main glial cells of the CNS?
astrocytes, microglia, & oligodendrocytes
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What is the function of an astrocyte?
they are star shaped cells that protect the CNS and act as a blood brain barrior. They determine if a cell can get through. (drowsy vs. non-drowsy meds)
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What is the function of mictoglia?
small cells that move in inflamed brain tissue carrying on phagocytes - immune system
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What two glial cells form myelin sheaths on axons and where?
Oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS
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What are bundles of peripheral axons?
Nerves
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What are the three types of nerve coverings?
endoneurium, perinueurium, and epineurium
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Nerve impulses are conducted from ____________ to ___________?
receptors to effectors
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Simplest kind of reflex arc?
The two-neuron arc because it involves only sensory and motor neurons ( three-neuron arcs contain sensory, interneurons and motor)
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What is a nerve impulse?
a self-propagating wave of electrical disturbances that travel along the surface of a neuron membrane
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In a nerve impules, a stimuli (such as pressure, temperature or chemical changes) are triggered. When triggered what rushes in through channels and causes it to do what?
The Na+ rushes in from the outside, causing the inside of the membrane to be more postive rather than the outside - temporarily
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What is it called when Na+ gets into the membrane and what is it called when the potassium leaves?
Depolarization and Repolarization
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If a membrane is covered in myelin when an nerve impulse occurs what happens?
It speeds up the process by "skipping" over the myelin
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What is a synapse?
Where chemical compounds are released from axon terminals.
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What are the three structures that make up a synaps?
The synaptic knob, a synaptic cleft, and the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
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When a nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob, what happens?
the neurotransmitters (chemicals inside small sacs) are released from the vesicals into the synaptic cleft
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Name examples of neurotransmitters:
acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, or serotonin
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What are the divisions of the brain/stem inferior to superior?
spinal cord, medulla, cerebellum, pons, midbrain, diencephalon, and cerebrum
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the brainstem (medulla oblongota, pons,and midbrain) control voluntary or involuntary actions?
involuntary such as heartbeat and respirations
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The two structures of the diencephalon?
hypothalamus and the thalamus
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What are the function of the hypothalamus and the thalamus?
- Hypothalamus controls mostly internal organs, appetite, endocrine system (involuntary)
- Thalamus controls what impulses go to what part of the brain such as pain vs. pleasure
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Functions of the cerebellum?
Contols our coordination, balance, and move smoothly. This is the second largest part of the brain
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Funtions of the cerebrum?
Controls all mental process, sensations, voluntary movements, language, images, etc. This is the largest part of your brain
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Our spinal cord is covered in and outer white matter called?
myolineate
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The spinal cord has two tracks, what are they called and what is there functions?
- The sensory tract conducts impulses TO the brain
- The motor tracts conduct impulses AWAY from the brain
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What are the 3 menengies of the spine?
Pia Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Duramater
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What is the autonomic nervous system?
the motor nerves - all things that we dont have control over
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What is the difference between parasymathetic and sympathetic?
- Sypathetic is fight or flight - where you have increased BP, heart rate, lowered digestion and lowered labeto
- Parasympathtic is a more relaxed stage where you have pupil contriction and lowered BP
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