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Name the 3 levels of supervision and breifly describe them.
- Immediate supervision: vet in same room during a procedure
- Direct supervision: vet on premises and readily available
- Indirect supervision: vet not on premises but tech is able to communicate with them
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What are the restrictions of a VT?
Diagnosing, performing surgery, giving a prognosis, and initiating therapy/prescribing medications
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What are the technician's roles in pharmacology?
- Understanding the mechanisms of drug actions
- Knowing drug names (generic & trade) and routes of admin.
- Understanding and communicating possible side effects of medications administered
- Inducing, maintaining and monitoring anesthesia
- Answering clients Q's about meds
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Generic names are also called ___________, while trade names are also called ________________
Nonproprietary, proprietary
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What is a dose?
The amount of drug administered @ 1x to a patient
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What is a dosage?
- The general amount any patient should be given
- Ex: 10mg/kg, 1ml/lb, etc
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What is a side effect?
The effect of a drug other than its intended beneficial effect, ranging from mild to severe
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What is a contraindication? An indication?
Circumstances in which a drug should not be used; circumstances which a drug should be used
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Who determines whether a drug is OTC or Rx?
FDA (Food & drug administration)
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What is a Rx drug?
One that is potentially toxic if misused or easily misuded
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When can a Rx medication be dispensed?
Upon lawful order of the veterinarian
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What phrase must be on the Rx label?
"Caution: Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian"
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VT's cannot legally write prescriptions, but they can do what?
Fill drug orders and dispense medications on vet instruction
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Can techs fill drug orders from another practice? Why?
No because they would be filling the role of a pharmacist
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What must a valid Rx contain?
- Name of vet hospital or vet
- Address & telephone of vet hospital
- Date written
- Client name & address
- Species of animal (name optional)
- Rx symbol
- Drug name & concentration
- Sig: direction of admin
- Vet signature
- DEA registration # for controlled substances
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Rx labels must contain what?
- Name, address & telephone # of vet hospital or vet
- Name of client & address
- ID of animal
- Drug name, concentration and # of units dispensed
- Clear instruction of dosage, frequency, route of admin and duration of tx
- Cautionary statements
- Withdrawal or discard times
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What do these abbreviations mean?
BID
QID
QOD
SID
TID
q
PRN
- 2x a day/every 12 hrs
- 4x a day/every 6 hrs
- Every other day/every 48 hrs
- 1x a day/every 24 hrs
- 3x a day/every 8 hrs
- Every
- As needed
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What do the abbreviations mean?
cc
g
Gr
gtt
Lb/#
L
mg
Tbsp/tsp
ml
oz
- Cubic centimeters
- Gram
- Grain
- Drops
- Pound
- Liter
- Milligram
- Tablespoon/teaspoon
- Milliliter
- Ounce
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What do the abbreviations mean?
IM
IP
IV
SQ
PO
AD/AS/AU
OD/OS/OU
- Intramuscular
- Intraperitoneal
- Intravenous
- Subcutaneous
- Per os/by mouth
- R ear/L ear/both ears
- R eye/L eye/both eyes
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Dispensing containers are measure in what unit?
Dram
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Dispensing containers should be __________ to prevent ingestion by children, unless client is elderly. It is then the VTs legal obligation to do what?
Child proof; inform the client that the container is not child proof and to keep the vial out of reach of children
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Why is management of inventory drugs important?
- Inventory is 2nd highest expense after payroll
- Knowlegde of frequently prescribed and dispensed drugs prevents clinic from running out
- Expired drugs are not safe
- Inappropriately stored drugs can degenerate and become inactive
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What does ICM stand for? What are their duties?
- Inventory control manager is responsible for:
- Keeping adequate supply of all products used, dispensed, and sold
- Organizing inventory
- Knowing when to reorder
- Kepping accurate inventory records
- Ordering, receiving and inspecting shipments
- Maintaining price/price updates of items
- Updating Rabies vx info in computer (serial #, expiration date, etc so rabies certificates are correct)
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When rotating inventory, what should be place at the front of the shelf?
The earliest expiration date
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What are order requests?
Central area to keep track of supplies which are low
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Why should a written description of the order be kept?
To compare with shipments received
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What requirements must the veterinary staff withhold when dealing with controlled substances?
- Ensuring they are in locked cabinets
- Accurate record keeping of amounts used/wasted in the controlled substance log book
- Accurate filling out of DEA order forms
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When filling out a DEA form, what precautions must be taken?
- Write legibly
- Do not scratch out or use white out
- Use correct spelling & proper drug concentrations
- Get vets signature
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How many classes of cotrolled substances are there? Which class is not approved for medical use?
5; class 1
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What are examples of C1 drugs?
Heroin, LSD
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CII drugs are considered high risk for what? Name 2 class II drugs.
- High potential of abuse that can lead to severe physical and psychiological dependence
- Morphine, Pentobarbitol
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What potential do CIII drugs have? Name 2 CIII drugs.
- Some potential for abuse that may lead to moderate physical and psychological dependence
- Ketamine, Telazol
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What can Ketamine be cocktailed with? What is it used for?
Diazepam; general anesthesia induction
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CIV drugs have what potential for abuse? Give examples of CIV drugs.
- Low potential and limited physical and psychological dependence
- Butrophanol, Phenobarbital, Diazepam
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What is Butorphanol used for?
Coughing
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C-V drugs have what potential for abuse?
Very low
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What is pharmacology?
The study of drugs
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What is a drug?
Any chemical agent that affects the living processes and that may prevent, diagnose, or treat disease
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What is the half-life?
Time required for a serum concentration to decrease 50%
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Define peak serum concentration.
Point of maximum concentration of drug on time vs serum concentration curve
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Define trough serum concentration
Minimum drug serum concentration during a dosing interval
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Define what a therapeutic window is
The range of drug serum concentration associated with high degree of efficiency and low risk of undesired dose-related adverse reactions
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What is a toxic dose?
Dose greater than the upper limit of the therapeutic range
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What is the therapeutic index? What is it's abbreviation?
- Ratio b/w toxic dose and therapeutic dose of a drug where the drug is considered safe to use for a particular tx
- TI
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What is absorption?
The uptake of substances across tissues
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What factors can affect absorption?
- Dissolution
- Ionization
- Stomach content volume
- Blood flow to inj site
- Heat & massage
- Route of admin
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What CII drug in the form of a patch is contraindicated with heat? What happens when heat is applied?
- Fentanyl
- Heat increases the absorption of the drug and causes toxicity
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