-
-
to go from g/cm3 to kg/m3 you need to..
multiply by 1000
-
to go from kg/m3 to g/cm3 you need to..
divide by 1000
-
-
how many mls are in a m3
1.00 x 106 = 1,000,000
-
how many liters are in a m3?
1000 L
-
the angstrom is equal to _____m
10-10
-
to do mole to grams you need to...
multiply moles by the molecular weight
-
to do grams to moles you need to
divide the grams by the molecular weight
-
avogadro's number is =
6.02 x 1023
-
Moles equation
mass in grams / molecular weight
-
all group IA elements have an oxidation number of..
+1
-
all group IIA elements have an oxidation number of..
+2
-
all group IIIB elements have an oxidation number of..
+3
-
Fluorine always has an oxidation number of...
-1
-
Oxygen almost always has an oxidation number of
-2
-
oxygen has a -1 oxidation state in ...
peroxides
-
hydrogen has an oxidation number of ____ when bonded to nonmetals
+1
-
hydrogen has an oxidation number of ____ when bonded to metals
-1
-
You can figure out the oxidation number of certain elements in a molecule by...
summing the oxidation for all elements to zero then doing the math and dividing by the number of stoms to get the number
-
in terms of their electron configuration F- and Ne are considered to be...
isoelectronic
-
transition metals are metals in the ___ block.
d-block
-
the elements in the last column of the table are called ....
noble gases
-
The aufbau principle is when electrons occupy..
the lowest energy orbitals available
-
Hund's rule states that electrons in the same subshell occupy...
available orbitals singly, before pairing up
-
the pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons...
in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers
-
energy of a photon equation
- E=h x f (h= plancks constant & f= frequency)
- E=h x (c/wavelentgh) (h= planck's constant & c= speed of light)
-
the first quantum number is the _____ number
shell
-
the second quantum number is the _____ number
subshell
-
the third quantum number is the _______ number
orbital
-
the fourth quantum number is the _____ number
spin
-
the atomic number is the number of.....
protons
-
the mass number is the number of....
protons + neutrons
-
the mass number of an element can be written as...
element - (mass#)
-
mass number goes on what side of the element?
top left
-
atomic number goes on what side of the element?
bottom left
-
Protons minus electrons =
charge
-
charge goes on what side of the element?
top right
-
absorption is when you have a ___ energy change
+
-
emission is when you have a ___ energy change
-
-
value of planck's constant
6.63 x 10^-34 J x s
-
value of the speed of light
3.0 x 10^8
-
for electron configurations, use the boxes to count how high a level goes.
s block goes to ___
p block goes to ___
d block goes to ___
-
when doing arrows for the electron configuartions, put in __ arrow(s) at a time
1
-
when putting in arrows for electron configuration the first arrow is always point in the ___ direction.
up
-
when putting in arrows for electron configuration the second arrow is always point in the ___ direction.
down
-
Empirical formula uses the samllest number that gives the same ______ of atoms as in its corresponding molecular formula.
ratio
-
to reduce a molecular formula, to an empirical formula...
divide all the subscripts by their greatest common factor
-
How do you find the percent composition by mass?
- 1) find the molecular weight of the compound
- 2)divide each elements mass multiplied by the numbers of atoms of that element by the compound mass
- 3) multiply to get denominator to equal 100
- 4) multiply by the same number on top
- 5) convert to percent
-
how do you get the empirical formula using moles?
- 1) first get the moles of each element (in fractions)
- 2) multiply moles together then simplify answer to lowest fraction
- 3) those numbers are the subscripts
-
the limiting reagent is...
the reactive that we run out of first, limits how the reaction produces the product
-
the stoichiometric number is..
the subscript from molecular formulas
-
the stoichiometric number gives what info?
the ratios between constiuent atoms, NOT the bonding info
-
in a stochiometric sense, what does the following equation "say"
2Al + 6HCl -> 2AlCl3 + 3H2
2 moles of Al react with 6 moles of HCl to form 2 moles of AlCl3 and 3 moles of H2
-
periodic trends that begin with the letter "e" increase from...
(electronegativity, ionization energy, electron affinity)
left to right and bottom to top
-
periodic trends that DO NOT begin with the letter "e" increase from....
(metallic character, atomic radius, acidity)
Right to left and top to bottom
-
Electronegativity is...
the chemical property describing an atom's ability to attract and bind to electrons.
-
The atomic radius is...
is one-half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms.
-
Ionization energy is...
the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its gaseous phase (opposite of electronegativity)
-
electron affinity is...
ability of an atom to accept an electron
-
metallic character is...
how readily an atom can lose an electron
-
acidity is ...
a measure of how well a compound donates protons, accepts electrons or lowers the pH in a
-
Formal charge formula:
FC= (Column #)-(# of bonds connected to atom) -(# of lone paired electrons)
-
A bond is polar if...
the electron density between the two nuclei is uneven
-
A molecule that DONATES a pair of electrons is considered to be a lewis...
Lewis base
-
A molecule that ACCEPTS a pair of electrons is considered to be a lewis...
Lewis Acid
-
what are the three types of van der Waals interactions?
Dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, and london forces
-
Hydrogen can create hydrogen bonds with which atoms?
N, O or F
-
A + B --> AB
rxn type?
synthesis
-
AB -> A + B
rxn type?
Decomposition
-
AB -> AX + B
rxn type?
Single-replacement
-
AX + BY -> AY + BX
rxn type?
Double replacement
-
an oxidizing agent is...
An agent that oxidizes and is reduced
-
a reducing agent is...
an agent that reduces and is oxidized
-
a reducing agent, gives up electrons to be...
oxidized
-
an oxidizing agent accepts electrons to be...
reduced
-
The higher the kinetic energy of molecules, the ______ it's entropy.
greater
-
direct conversion from solid to gas is...
sublimation
-
direct conversion from gas to solid is..
deposition
-
conversion from liquid to gas
vaporization (boiling)
-
conversion from gas to liquid
condensation
-
conversion from liquid to solid is..
crsytallization (freezing)
-
conversion from solid to liquid is...
fusion (melting)
-
the phase changes that go from a lower energy to a higher energy state are...
melting, vaporization, sublimation
-
the phase changes that go from a higher energy to a lower energy state are...
deposition, condensation and freezing
-
exothermic phase changes are...
deposition, freezing and condensation
-
endothermic phase changes are...
melting, vaporization, sublimation
-
heat added or released (heat capacity) equation:
q=mc(delta)T
-
Triple point is...
the temperature and pressur at which all the phases exist simultaneously
-
supercritical fluid is...
substance in which, liquid and gas phases are no longer distinct
-
the critical point is...
the end of the liquid-gas boundary
-
Temperature is...
a function of the average translational kinetic energy of the molecule in a system
-
absolute zero is...
the lowest possible temperature
-
how do you convert farenheit to celsius?
C= (F-32) x (5/9)
-
how do you convert celsius to farenheit?
F= (C x 9/5) + 32
-
how do you convert celsius to kelvin?
K= C + 273.15
-
how do you convert Kelvin to celsius?
C= K-273.15
-
Pressure formula with force is?
P=F/a (force per unit area)
-
-
What is the formula for pascals?
Pa= (N/m2)
-
-
-
-
760 torr = _____ Pa
1.013 x 105 Pa
-
1 atm = ___ Pa
1.013 x 105 Pa
-
1 atm = ___ torr = ___mmHg= ____Pa
-
STP is...
Standard temperature Pressure
-
STP is defined as...
0o Celsius and 760 torr
-
Kinetic energy of gases formula=
KE= (1/2)mv2
-
There is no loss of _______during collisions in gases
kinetic energy
-
in the kinetic energy of gases there are no _________ forces between the particles.
attractive/repulsive
-
the average kinetic energy of the particles is ____________ to the absolute temperature of the particles
directly proportional
-
As temperature decreases in a gas the kinetic energy ______.
decreases
-
1 atm = ___pa (in sci. notation)
1.01 x 105
-
Gauge pressure formula...
(Absolute Pressure - Atmospheric Pressure)
-
The gauge pressure tells you...
how much above the absolute pressure is than the atmosphereic pressure
-
As pressure goes up in a gas, the volume _______
goes down
-
The actual volume of gas is equal to...
the volume of the container plus the excluded volume
-
excluded volume is...
The volume occupied by the gas molecules themselves
-
the actual volume occupied by a gas is always ______ than or equal to the volume calculated by the ideal gas law.
greater
-
The real pressure is always _____ than the ideal pressure
less than
-
The real volume is always _____ than the ideal volume
less than
-
What is the boyle's law ?
under constant temperature and a constnat number of moles of gas, the product of pressure and volume is a constant.
-
what is boyles law equation?
P1V1=P2V2
-
in boyles law, pressure and volume are ______ proportional
inversely
-
in boyles law, P is proportional to....
1/V
-
in boyles law, V is proportional to....
1/P
-
what is charles' law?
for ideal gases under constant pressure and a constant number of moles of gas V/T is constant
-
what is the formula for charles law?
V1T2 = V2T1
-
In charles law V is directly proportional to ...
T
-
In charles' law, T is directly proportional to...
V
-
What is the formula for Gay-Lussac's Law?
P1T2 = P2T1
-
in Gay-Lussac's law P is directly proportional to...
T
-
in Gay-Lussac's law T is directly proportional to...
P
-
The combined gas law equation=
P1V1T2=P2V2T1
-
Avagadro's hypothesis equation=
V1n2 = V2n1
-
The ideal gas law formula=
PV=nRT
-
R, the universal gas constant is...
0.0821 L-atm/K-mol
-
Graham's law of effusion formula =
(rate of effusion of Gas A/Rate of effuusion of Gas B)=[square root (molar mass of gas B/molar mass of gas A)]
-
The more stable the carbonium ion, the more easily it is....
formed.
-
the stability of a carbonium ion is greatly increased by ....
charge dispersal
-
a teritary carbonium ion is more stable than a secondary or primary carbonium ion because it has...
three alkyl groups
-
Which type of reaction is occurring when a metal undergoes corrosion?
oxidation-reduction
-
How many milliosmols of particles does 1 mole of sodium chloride present?
2 mOsm (1 mOsm of Na and 1 mOsm of Cl)
-
What statement best describes how a salt bridge maintains electrical neutrality in the half cells of an electrochemical cell?
It permits the migration of ions
-
A salt bridge between half cells prevents...
the solutions from mixing but allows the ions to move (migrate) from one half cell to the other..
-
Molarity (M) is the number of
moles of solute per liter of solution
-
Heat flow is always from _____ temperature to ____ temperature.
-
STP a mole of gas occupies ______ liters...
22.4
-
When the external pressure is 101.3 kPa torr, water will boil at what temperature?
100oC
-
When the vapor pressure of water is 101.3 kPa, the temperature is .....
100°C
-
When the atmospheric pressure above a liquid equals its vapor pressure, the liquid will...
boil
-
If the vapor pressure was 50 kPa, water would boil at about...
82°C
-
molarity equation=
(moles of solute / liter of solution)
-
what alkaline-earth metal is found in gypsum?
calcium
-
What causes energy to be released in a nuclear reaction?
fusion and fission
-
Atomic fusion is the process of...
combining atoms to form elements of higher atomic weight
-
atomic fission is the process of...
splitting an atomic nucleus
-
Whats the formula for baking soda?
NaHCO3
sodium bicarbonate
-
When a substance is oxidized, it acts as...
a reducing agent
-
A particle accelerator can increase the kinetic energy of...
an alpha particle and a beta particle
-
What is the electronic distribution in the orbitals of an oxygen atom?
1s22s22p4
-
chlorine and fluorine are _____ at STP.
gases
-
Iodine is a _____ at STP.
solid
-
Bromine is a _______ at STP
liquid
-
As the pressure of a gas at 2 atm is changed to 1 atm at constant temperature, the volume of the gas...
increases
-
what is a property of a reaction that has reached equilibrium?
The rate of the forward reaction is equal to than the rate of the reverse reaction.
-
Equilibrium means ......
equal reaction rates
-
If HgO is mercuric oxide, what is the symbol of mercurous oxide?
Hg2O
-
A battery consists of which type of cells
electrochemical
-
What substance is made up of monomers joined together in long chains?
protein
-
An electron has the same mass as a ....
beta particle.
-
An alpha particle has a mass of...
4 (2 protons and 2 neutrons)
-
A proton has the same mass as a...
neutron
-
An atom of which of the following elements has the greatest ability to attract electrons?
A. Silicon.
B. Sulfur.
C. Nitrogen.
D. Chlorine.
- chlorine
- (most electronegative)
-
At STP, which substance is the best conductor of electricity?
any metal
-
The best conductors of electricity are...
metals
-
Elements that lose electrons form positive ions that are _______ than atoms of the same element.
smaller
-
What statement explains why the speed of some chemical reactions is increased when the surface area of the reactant is increased?
This change exposes more reactant particles to a possible collision.
-
What particle cannot be accelerated in a magnetic field?
neutron
-
Only _______ particles can be accelerated in a magnetic field
charged
-
thermodynamics ________ the rate of reaction
do not affect
-
the arrhenius equation is...
-
The value of k is unique to each reaction at a given....
temperature
-
The value of k will change if _________ is changed
the temperature
-
The value of k _________ change with time
does not
-
the value of k in not dependent on the concentrations of either _________ or _________.
reactants or products
-
the value of k must be determined ____________.
experimentally
-
the units of k depend on the overall _________________.
order of reaction
-
catalysts operate by altering....
the activation energy of a reaction
-
a catalyst can ________ or ______ a reaction
speed up or slow down
-
a catalyst that is used to slow down a reaction is called....
an inhibitory catalyst or an inhibitor
-
a catalyst is niether consumed nor _________ during the course of a reaction.
produced
-
a homogenous catalyst is...
a catalyst that exists in the same phase as the reactants
-
a hetereogenous catalyst can also be called a...
contact catalyst
-
a heterogenous catalyst is..
a catalyst that exists in a different phase than the reactants
-
enzymes are...
proteins that act as homogenous catalysts for specific biochemical reactions
-
The reaction quotient gives...
the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium. (gives the same ratio at all times other than equilibrium)
-
if Keq >> 1....
products are favored over reactants
-
if Keq ≈ 1....
neither reactants nor products or favored
-
if Keq << 1.....
reactants are favored over products
-
Q>Keq means...
Products in excess
-
Q=Keq means....
at equilibrium
-
Q<Keq means...
reactants in excess
-
Le Chatelier's principle is....
when a system at equilibrium is subjected to a stress, the equilibirum will shift in a direction that tends to alleviate the effect of that stress
-
for a gaseous mixture at equilibrium, the overall pressure within a container can be changed either by __________ or by __________.
- adding more gas to the container or
- decreasing the volume of the container
-
in gas, if volume is decreased the pressure is ________. The reaction will be pushed in the direction resulting in ______ moles of gas.
-
in gas, if volume is increased the pressure is ________. The reaction will be pushed in the direction resulting in ______ moles of gas.
-
if both sides contain an equal number of gaseous moles, there is no change in equilibirum when ________ is changed
pressure
-
an endothermic reaction requires heat as a _______.
reactant
-
an exothermic reaction requires heat as a ________.
product
-
A soultion is...
a homogenous mixture of two or more chemical compounds
-
a solvent is..
a substance into which other chemical are dissolved
-
a solute is..
the compound that is dissolved in the solvent
-
solvation is...
when a solute is added to a solvent
-
Hydration is...
the solvation process when the solvent is water
-
endothermic solvation = ________ of solution
positive heat of solution
-
exdothermic solvation = ________ of solution
negative heat of solution
-
the solubility of solids in liquids tends to increase with _______ tempertaure
increasing
-
the solubility of gases in liquids tends to decrease with __________ temperature
increasing
-
the solubility of gases in liquids tends to increase with ________ pressure
increasing
-
a colligative property is...
a property that depends only on the number of particles present in solution and not on the identity of those particles
-
Strong electrolytes _____________ completely, or nearly completely
dissociates
-
weak electrolytes __________ only slightly
dissociate
-
A Hoff Factor is....
the number of species which a substance dissociates into when solvated
-
The Hoff factor is signified by the letter ...
i
-
CaCl2 .....Hoff factor?
i=3 (1 Ca + 2 Cl)
-
osmotic pressure formula...
∏ = (Molarity)(hoff factor) (R=.0821)(temperature in K)
-
Freezing point depression formula=
ΔTf= -kf im
-
Boiling-Point elevation formula=
ΔTb= -kbim
-
Questions about equimolar solutions are asking for...
the comparison of Hoff factors
-
the solute with the largest i will produce the largest...
colligative change
-
questions in which equal masses of solute are utilized are often more concerned with the calculation of ....
m
-
small, low MW salts will have the most moles in a given mass, hence give a larger ___ and a larger ________ change.
-
when equal masses of solute are added to a solution, the _________ one gives the larget colligative change
lightest
-
An open system is...
a system that allows for the exchange of matter and energy between only the surroundings and the system
-
a closed system is...
a system that allowas for the exchange of energy only, the mass in conserved in the system
-
an isolated system is...
a system that does not allow for the exchange of anything (matter or energy) between the system and the surroundings
-
in order for a system to be considered isolated it needs....
to be a closed system that is in neither mechanical nor themral contact with the surroundings
-
a state function is determined...
only by the current state of the system
-
a nonstate function is ______-dependent.
path
-
the common thermodynamic state functions are...(7)
- pressure
- temperture
- volume
- internal energy
- enthalpy
- entropy
- free energy
-
enthalpy is...
a measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic system
-
entropy is...
the thermodynamic property toward equilibrium/average/homogenization/dissipation
-
Work equation in term or pressure and volume=
W=-PΔV
-
entroyp increases as temperature _______.
increases
-
Entropy increases in a reaction if that reaction produces more _______ molecules that is contained ______ molecules.
-
Entropy increases when pure liquids and/or pure solids form....
solutions
-
the entropy if the universe always ....
increases
-
a reaction is _____ when the enthalpy is positive
endothermic
-
a reaction is _______ when the enthalpy is negative
exothermic
-
the standard thermodynamic conditions are...
298.15 Kelvin (25oC) at 1 atm
-
when summing up energies in a reactions always use the basic formula...
(heat of formation of products) - (heat of formation of reactants)
-
-
When ΔG of a reaction is negative, the reaction is ________ in the ________ driection
-
When ΔG of a reaction is positive, the reaction is ________ in the ________ driection
- nonspontaneous
- forward directions
-
When ΔG of a reaction is equal to zero, the reaction is ....
at equilibrium
-
a reaction with positive ΔG is called
endergonic
-
a reaction with negative ΔG is called
exoergonic
-
ΔG = ΔG0+ ________.
RTlnQ
-
in an elecrolytic cell, the redox reaction is...
nonspontaneous
-
in an elecrolytic cell, the cell requires an ______ flow
electric
-
in an elecrolytic cell, the anode is the _______ electrode
positive
-
in an elecrolytic cell, the cathode is the _____ electrode
negative
-
electrons flow from the ______ to the _______ (cathode, anode)
anode to cathode
-
current flows from the _______ to the ______ (cathose, anode)
cathode to the anode
-
oxidation occurs at the (anode, cathode)
anode
-
reduction occurs at eh (anode, cathode)
cathode
-
in galvanic cells, the redox reaction is...
spontaneous
-
in galvanic cells, the electron flow is ...
created
-
in galvanic cells, the positive electrode is the..(anode,cathode)
cathode
-
in galvanic cells, the negative electrode is the..
anode
-
in electolytic cells, the electron flow is..
supplied
-
concentration cells are..
galvanic cells, in which the cathodic half and anodic half are in opposite directions
-
according the the bronsted lowry definiton...
acids are proton ______
bases are proton ______
-
congjugate bases deals with the _______ definition
bronsted lowry
-
according to the lewis defintion
acids are electron-pair _______
bases are electron-pair _______
-
according to the arrhenius definition
acids produce ______ ions
bases produce ______ ions
-
large values of Ka and Kb imply...
strong bases and acids
-
small values of Ka and Kb imply...
weak acids and bases
-
strong acids and bases have ___ pKa and pKb values
small
-
weak acids and weak bases have ____ pKa and pKb values
large
-
-
-
an acid or base with a large pKa will have a congjugate acid or base with a ____ pKa
small
-
-
if [H+] = 1 x 10-10 what is the pH?
pH=10
-
-
-
-
-
the more concentrated the buffer....
the more effective it will be
-
the pKa of the buffers should be chosen to match...
the pH that is to be buffered
-
a buffer is composed of a weak acid and its______ or a weak base and its ________
- conjugate base salt
- conjugate acide salt
-
the section of a titration curve where the pH changes very gradually is called the....
buffering domain (or buffering region)
-
the point at which the pH is neutralize is called the...
acid-base equivalence point
-
for a weak acid titrated with a strong base, the equivalence point will occur at...
pH > 7
-
for a weak base titrated with a strong acid, the equivalence point will occur at...
pH < 7
-
for a strong acid titrated with a strong base, or vice versa, the equivalence point will occur at...
pH = 7
-
the pH at half equivalence is equal to...
the pKa
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