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relational learning
learning that comes from a particular relationship but generalizes to other contexts
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Intercultural Relationships Personal-Contextual Dialectic
Intercultural relationships are both consistent from situation to situation, but there are also contexts where things may be different
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Intercultural Relationships Differences-Similarities Dialectic
some people are attracted to people similar to them, others may be attracted to those that differ from them
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Intercultural Relationships Cultural-Individual Dialectic
communication in intercultural relationships is both cultural and individual
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Intercultural Relationships Privilege-Disadvantage Dialectic
people may be privileged in some contexts, but disadvantaged in others
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Intercultural Relationships Static-Dynamic Dialectic
people and relationships are constantly in flux
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Intercultural Relationships History/Past-Present/Future Dialectic
it is often important to consider historical context of relationships
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similarity principle
a principle of relational attraction suggesting that individuals tend to be attracted to people they perceive to be similar to themselves
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cognitive consistency
having a logical connection between existing knowledge and a new stimulus
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self disclosure
revealing information about oneself
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line of sight data
information about other people’s identity based on visible physical characteristics
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4 Styles of Interaction within intercultural relationships
- Submission style: one partner submits to the culture of the other partner and abandons their own
- Compromise style: each partner gives up some of their culturally bound habits and beliefs
- Obliteration style: both partners attempt to erase their individual cultures
- Consensus style: both partners deal with cultural differences by negotiating their relationship
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The Similarity Principle
we tend to be attracted to people whom we perceive to hold attitudes to ours
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complementarity in a relationship
we are attracted to persons who are somewhat different from ourselve
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macroculture
culture of origin
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family rules
teachings of obligations and expectations of behavior
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supportive communication
the quality of affirming family members during crisis
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Communicative Receptivity
each family’s degree of openness to communication and ability to incorporate and apply new information into family member relationships
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equifinality
a system can reach the same end-state or goal through different means
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Adaptation Patterns
- One-way adjustment(submission): one of the spouses adopts new cultural standards and gives up their own
- Alternative adjustment: the partners of the family adopt first one culture, then the other
- Mixing(compromise): partners adopt elements of both cultures at the same time
- Midpoint compromise(consensus): the family does something culturally specific to one partner, but it is discussed beforehand
- Creative adjustment(obliteration): both partners give up their cultural behaviors and invent a new behavior pattern
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Intergroup Theory
social identity develops when you have a group to rely on
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pacifism
opposition to the use of force under any circumstances
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intermediary
in a formal setting, a professional third party, such as a lawyer, real estate agent, or counselor, who intervenes when two parties are in conflict. Informal intermediaries may be friends or colleagues who intervene
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facework
communication strategies used to “save” our own or someone else’s “face,” or public image
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5 Styles of managing conflict
- dominating
- integrating
- compromising
- obliging
- avoiding
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affective conflict
when people become aware that their feelings and emotions are incompatible
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conflict of interest
incompatible preferences for a course of action or plan to pursue
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value conflict
when people differ in ideologies on specific issues
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cognitive conflict
2 or more people become aware that their thought processes or perceptions are incongruent
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goal conflict
when people disagree about a preferred outcome or end state
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The Humanness Principle
requires individuals to be responsive in their actions and the impact they might have on humanity
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The Dialogic Principle
concerns specific attitudes of communicators toward each other, stresses the centrality of relationships
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The Principle of Speaking “with” and “to”
promotes speaking with and to rather than speaking for others. listen to others
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self-knowledge
the quality of knowing how one is perceived as a communicator, as well as one’s strengths and weaknesses
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empathy
the capacity to “walk in another person’s shoes”
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D.I.E. exercise
device that helps us determine if we are communicating at a descriptive, interpretive, or evaluative level. Only descriptive statements are nonjudgmental
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