-
chromoproteins
proteins bound to pigmented molecules
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cofactors
nonprotein molecule used by enzymes to become active
-
prosthetic groups
cofactors that bind to an enzyme with strong covalent bonds
-
fluid mosaic model
cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded throughout
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nucleolus
structure in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis occurs
-
location of most of the cell's metabolic activity
cytoplasm
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cyclosis
circular motion of cytoplasm around the cell transports molecules
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centrioles
involved in spindle organization during cell division
*plants cells do not contain centrioles
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pinocytosis
ingestion of fluids or small particles
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Brownian movement
kinetic energy spreads small, suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell
-
endoplasmic reticulum
provides a direct, continuous passageway from the plasma membrane to the nuclear membrane
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karyokinesis
nuclear division
-
phase a cell spends 90% of its life in
interphase
-
centromere
holds sister chromatids together
-
-
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G1 phase
- initiates interphase
- active growth phase - cell increases in size and synthesizes proteins
- determines length of entire cell cycle
-
S phase
period of DNA Synthesis
-
G2 phase
- cell prepares to divide
- grows and synthesizes proteins
-
M phase
cell division occurs (Mitosis)
-
6 stages of cell division
- 1) interphase
- 2) prophase
- 3) metaphase
- 4) anaphase
- 5) telophase
- 6) cytokinesis
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prophase
- 2nd stage of cell division
- chromosomes condense
- centrioles separate & move towards the opposite poles of the cell
- spindle apparatus forms between centrioles
- nuclear membrane dissolves, allowing spindle fibers to interact with chromosomes
-
metaphase
- 3rd stage of cell division
- centriole pairs are at opposite poles
- spindle apparatus fibers attach to each chromatid at the centromere to align the chromosomes (forming the metaphase plate)
-
metaphase plate
- The plane of the spindle approximately equidistant from the two poles along which the chromosomes are lined up during mitosis or meiosis.
- Also termed the equator.
-
anaphase
- 4th stage of cell division
- centromeres split, allowing sister chromatids to separate
- spindle fibers shorten
-
telophase
- 5th stage of cell division
- spindle apparatus disappears
- nuclear membrane forms around each set of newly formed chromosomes
- chromosomes uncoil
-
cytokinesis
- 6th stage of cell division
- cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells
- cleavage furrow forms
- cell membrane indents along the equator and pinches through the cell
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