Life Cycles_Ch.1

1. Nutrition is the study of foods, their nutritents and other chemical constituents, and the effects of food constituents on health.

2. Nutrition is an interdisciplinary science.

3. Nutrition recommendations for the public change as new knowledge about nutrition and health relationships is gained.

4. At the core of the science of nutrition are principles that represent basic truths and serve as the foundation of our understanding about nutrition.

5. Healthy individuals require the same nutrients across the life cycle but in differing amounts. Nutrional needs can be met by a wide variety of cultural and religious food practices.

6. Nutritional status during one stage of the life-cycle influences health status during subsequent life-cycle stages.

Chemical substances in foods that are used by the body for growth and health.

Access at all times to a sufficient supply of safe, nutritous foods.

Limited or uncertain availability of safe, nutritious foods, or the ability to acquire them in socially acceptable ways.

About 12% of U.S. households are food insecure.

A unit of measure of the amount of energy supplied by food. Also known as the "kilocalorie" (kcal), or the "large Calorie."

1. Food is a basic need of humans

2. Foods provide energy (calories), nutrients, and other substances needed for growth and health.

3. Health problems related to nutrition originate within cells.

4. Poor nutrition can result from both inadequate and excessive levels of nutrient intake.

5. Humans have adaptive mechanisms for managing fluctuations in food intake.

6. Malnutrition can result from poor diets and from disease states, genetic factors, or combinations of these causes.

7. Some groups of people are at higher risk of becoming inadequately nourished than others.

8. Poor nutrition can influence the development of certain chronic diseases.

9. Adequacy, variety, and balance are key characteristics of a healthy diet.

10. Ther are not "good" or "bad" foods.

1. Carbohydrates

2. Protiens

3. Fats (Lipids)

4. Vitamins

5. Minderals

6. Water

Chemical substances in foods that consist of a single sugar molecule or multiples of sugar molecules in various forms.

Sugar and fruit, starchy vegetables, and whole grain products are good dietary sources.

Carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram

Chemical substances in foods that are made up of chains of amino acids.

Animal products and dried beans are examples of  protein sources.

Proteins provide 4 calories per gram

Components of food that are soluble in fat but not in water. They are more properly referred to as "lipids." Most fats are composed of glycerol attached to three fatty acids.

Oil, butter, sausage, and avacado are examples fo rich sources of dietary fats.

Fats provide 9 calories per gram

Fourteen specific chemical substances that perform specific functions in the body. Vitamines are present in many foods and are essential components of the diet.

Vegetables, fruits, and grains are good sources of vitamins.

In the context of nutrition, minerals consist of 15 elements found in foods that perform particular functions in the body.

Milk, dark, leafy, vegetables, and meat are good sources of minerals.

An essential component of the diet provided by food and fluid.

Substanes required for growth and health that cannot be produced, or produced in sufficient amounts, by the body.

They must be obtained from the diet.

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized in adequate amounts by humans and therefore must be obtained from the diet.

Also called "indispensible amino acids."

There are 9 essential amino acids: Histidine, Isoluecine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, and Valine.

Nutrients required for growth and ehalth that can be produced by the body from other components of the diet.

Scientifically agreed-upon standards for daily intakes of nutrients from the diet developed for use on nutrition lables.

The general term used for the ntirient intake standards for healthy people

Levels of essential nutrient intake judged to be adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy persons while ecreasing the risk of certain chronic disease.

"Tentative" RDAs. AIs are based on less conclusive scietific information than the RDAs.

• Nutrient intake values that are estimated to meet the requirements of half the healthy individuals in a gorup.
• The EARs are used to assess adequacy of intake of population groups.

Upper limits of nutrient intake compatible with health.

The ULs do not reflect desired levels of intake. Rather, they represent toal, daily levels of nutrient intake from food, fortified foods, and supplements that should not be exceeded. 

A condition in which cell membranes have a reduced sensitivity to insulin so that more insulin than normal is required to transport a given amount of glucose into cells.

A disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to the body's inability to use insulin normally, to produce enough insulin, or both. 

A measure of the extent to which blood glucose is raised by a 50-gram portion of a carbohydrate-containing food compared to 50 grams of glucose or white bread.

It is recommended that 45-65% of calories come from carbohydrates.

Added sugar should constitute no more than 25% of total caloric intake.

It is recommended that adult females consume between 21 and 25 grams, and males 30-38 grams of total dietary fiber daily.

The "building blocks" of protein.

Unlike carbohydrates and fats, amino acids contain nitrogen.

In general, proteins should contribute 10-35% of total energy intake.

A sever form of protein-energy malnutrition in young children. It is characterized by swelling, fatty liver, susceptibility to infection, profound apathy, and poor appetite.

The cause of kwashiorkor is unclear.

the fat-soluble components of fats in foods

A component of fats that is soluble in water. It is converted to glucose in the body

Components of fat that are a required part of the diet (i.e., linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids). Both contain unsaturated fatty acids.

A group of physiologically active substances derviced from the essential fatty aids. They are present in many tissues and perform such fuctions as the constriction of dialation of blood vessels and stimulation of smooth muscles and the uterus.

Biologically active substances produced in platelets that increase platelet aggregation (and therefore promote blood clotting), constrict blood vessels, and increase blood pressure.

Biologically active substances produced by blood vessel walls that inhibit platelet agregation (and therefore blood clotting), dilate blood vessels, and reduce blood pressure.

There are two essential fatty acids: Linoleic acid and Alpha-Linoleic acid.

The parent of the omega-6 fatty acid family.

Most vegetable oils, meats, and human milk are good sources of linoleic acid.

American diets tend to provide sufficient to excessive amounts of linoleic acid.

One of the major derivatives of linoleic acid is arachidonic acid, which is a primary structural component of the central nervous system.

The parent of the omega-3 fatty acid family.

It is present in many types of dark green vegetables, vegetable oils, and flaxseed.

Derivatives of Alpah-Linolenic Acid include Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA).

Fats in which adjacent carbons in the fatty acid components are linked by single bonds only. (e.g., -C-C-C-C-)

Fats in which adjacent carbons in one or more fatty acids are linked by one or more bouble bonds. (e.g., -C-C=C-C=C-)

Fats in which only one pair of adjacent carbons in one or more of its fatty acids is linked by a double bond. (e.g., -C-C=C-C-)

Fats in which more than one pair of adjacent carbons in one or more of its fatty acids are linked by two or more double bonds. (e.g., -C-C=C-C=C-)

A type of unsaturated fat present in hydrogenated oils, margarine, shortenings, pastries, and some cooking oils that increase the risk of heart disease. Fats containing fatty acids in teh trans versus the more common cis form are generally referred to as trans fat.

A fat-soluble, colorless, liquid primarily found in animal products.