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fluffy8voldy
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What does it mean for two languages to be related?
- They are descended from a common linguistic ancestor
- they share common basic traist such as lexicon, morphology, syntax, and are mutually understandable to some degree.
- similar words for siilar meanings
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Types of evidence that languages are related
- grammatical structure (syntax or word order)
- core vocabulary
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What type of language is English?
A Germainic language (even though there are many French loanwords)
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List the stages of the English language (include the dates)
- Old English: 450-1100
- Middle English: 1100-1500
- Early Modern English: 1500-1800
- Present Day English: 1800- present
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core vocabulary
necessary vocabulary of a language that applies to the basic needs of life
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borrowed words
- word taken from another language.
- Same as a loanword
- ex. crawl is from Old Norse
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phonetics
study of the speech of sounds
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phonology
system of speech of sounds (pronounciation)
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phonotactics
branch of phonolgy that deals with the restrictions of possible phoneme combinations
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morphology
study of a combination of stems and affixes to form words
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morpheme
smallest meaningful unit of a language
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root
a word or element from which other words are formed
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affix
a bound form such as a prefix or suffix added to a base stem or root
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compound word
- a word made up of two words
- ex. cupcake
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content morpheme (lexical)
- morphemes that carry meaning
- ex. cat
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function morpheme (grammatical)
- morphemes with less meaning
- primary purpose is to serve grammatical functions
- ex. "the"
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inflectional affixes
- doesn't change the meaning or part of speech of root
- ex. I walk. He walked.
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derivational affixes
- change meaning or part of speech of root
- ex. reform, reformer
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lexicon
- vocabulary of a language
- linking sounds and meanings
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syntax
sentence structure of a language
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semantics
meaning of linguistic structures
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graphics
In linguistics, the study of writing systems
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