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Neonatal reflexes are an indication of:
the status of an infant's nervous system
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When an infant's head is turned to one side while lying awake on its back, the infant will show the _____ reflex.
tonic neck
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REM stands for:
rapid eye movement
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Which state of arousal is often accompanied by diffuse, vigorous motor activity?
crying
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What are ways to soothe a crying newborn?
- - swaddle the baby
- - talk softly
- - lift the baby to the shoulder and rock or walk
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What does the ehtological theory state?
- - responding to the baby's cries is adaptive
- - responsiveness allows parents to respond to a variety of infant behaviors
- - mothers who delayed or failed to respond to their young baby's cries had infants who cried more at the end of the first year
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A helpful outcome of the use of the NBAS is:
researchers have learned a great deal about individual and cultural differences in newborn behavior
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Classical conditioning in infants is most effective when:
it has survival value
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Classical conditioning is usually used to explain _____ responses.
involuntary
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A reinforcer is best defined as:
a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response
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Every time Johnny gets spanked he appears to become more unwilling to give up the behavior that has elicited the spanking. In fact, the undesired behavior becomes more frequent. In the case of Johnny, spanking is:
a reinforcer
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A growing number of studies are reporting that imitation is first demonstrated in:
newborns
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The cephalocaudal trend would predict that infants can control their _____ before their _____.
head; back
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What has the earliest impact on the emotions of infants?
being held and touched
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Research on taste in the neonate indicates that:
they have a distinct preference for sweetness
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What does the IQ research say about infancy being a sensitive period?
the earlier infants are removed from their deprived conditions, the greater their catch-up in development
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Palmar grasp reflex
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- stimulated when an object is placed in baby's
- palm
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- responds by grasping object
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- emerges 11 weeks in utero, inhibited 2-3 months
- persistent palmar
- grasp reflex may cause issues such as swallowing problems and delayed speech
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Babinski reflex
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- stimulated by stroking the sole of the foot
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- toes of the foot should fan out
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- the foot itself should curl in
- emerges at 18 weeks
- in utero, disappears by 6 months
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Tonic neck reflex
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- child is placed on their back
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- make fists, turn head to the right
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- present at 18 weeks in utero
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Rooting reflex
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- baby's cheek is stroked
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- turn head towards stimulus
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- start sucking, allowing for breastfeeding
- inhibited 6-12 months
- of age
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Moro reflex
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- stimulated by a sudden movement or loud noise
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- respond by throwing out the arms and legs and
- then pulling them toward body
- emerges 8-9 weeks in
- utero, inhibited by 16 weeks
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Stepping reflex
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- will make walking motions with legs and feet
- when help in an upright position with feet touching ground
- appears at birth,
- lasts 3-4 months, reappears at 12-24 months
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Five stage of arousal for infant
- waking activity and
- crying
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REM sleep
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- rapid-eye-movement sleep
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- electrical brain-wave activity, measured with
- EEG, is remarkably similar to that of the waking state
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- heart rate, blood pressure and breathing are
- uneven
- slight body movements
- occur
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The first way that babies communicate
crying
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NBAS
- Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
- - evaluates the baby's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli, and other reactions
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classical conditioning
- a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response
- - new stimulus will eventually produce the behavior by itself
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unconditioned stimulus
must consistently produce a reflexive/unconditioned response
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conditioned stimulus
- the neutral stimulus
- - elicits a conditioned response
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operant conditioning
infants act, or operate, on the environment, and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again
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habituation
a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation
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recovery
a new stimulus - a change in the environment - causes the habituated response to return to a high level
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proximodistal trend
the pattern of motor control from the center of the body outward
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dynamic systems theory of motor development
- mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action
- - when motor skills work as a system, separate abilities blend together, each cooperating with others to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment
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prereaching
- poorly coordinated swipes, made by infants, toward toward an object in front of them
- - newborns
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ulnar grasp
- a clumsy motion in which the baby's fingers close against the palm
- - reaching for an object
- - 3 to 4 months
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pincer grasp
- infants use the thumb and index finger opposably in a well coordinated way
- - by end of 1 yr old
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statistical learning capacity
- - allows infants to make such rapid progress in perceiving the structure of language
- - they analyze the speech stream for patterns and acquire a stock of speech structures for which they will later learn meanings
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visual acuity
- fineness of discrimination
- - limited at birth
- - about as good as adults at 2 months
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visual cliff
- - used in the earliest tests of depth perception
- - designed by Gibson and Walk in 1960
- - consists of a plexiglas-covered table with a platform at the center
- - shallow side with a checkerboard pattern just below glass
- - deep side with checkerboard pattern few feet below glass
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size constancy
perception of an object's size as stable, despite changes in teh size of its retinal image
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shape consistency
perception of an object's shape as stable, despite changes in the shape projected on the retina
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intermodal perception
- making sense of running streams of light, sound, tactile, odor and taste information
- - mostly mastered by 6 months
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amodal sensory properties
information that is not specific to a single modality but that overlaps two or more sensory systems, such as rate, rhyth, duration, intensity, temporal synchrony, and texture and shape
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differentiation theory
- - Gibson
- - infants actively search for invariant features in the environment
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invarient features
those that remain stable, in a constantly changing perceptual world
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affordances
- - guides perception
- - the action possibilities that a situation offers an organism with certain motor capatabilities
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