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jcarlson
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medieval perspective
preformationism
and little reconition that children arent adults
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what is preformationism?
little adults
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reformation period children are?
- naturally evil and must be conformed
- emphasis on harsh disipline
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enlightenment period children are?
WHAT effect do parents have?
WHO is the influence?
- -children come in to the world with out predispositions
- -parents have large effect on development progress
- -opposite of reformation
- -JOHN LOCKE
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what is tabula rasa?
blank slate
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what are children in the 18th century? according to Rosseau
- noble savage
- children are born w/knowledge of right and wrong
- requires little adult involvement
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4 stages of learning according to Rosseau?
- infancy
- childhood
- late childhood
- adolesence
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baby biographies are what?
analyze behaviors and natural reflexes
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19th-20th century
how did charles darwin assist?
developed theories which focus on adaptibility on human behavior
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what is the normative approach?
WHO was important during this?
- popularized parent advice literature
- Hall and Gesell
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what was the 1st objective study by Gesell?
Gesell Dome with baby
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what is the mental testing movement?
- develop test to identify mentally retarded children in paris
- examined norms in cognitive thinking who were outside the norms
- interested in individual differences
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what does a theory do?
- defines events
- describes relationships
- provide explanation
- predictions
- guides future research
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psychodynamic perspective?
- sex drives to compete with societal expectations
- resolves conflict shapes development
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what theory developed through Freud's work?
psychoanalytic
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what is the psychoanalytic theory?
- used hypothesis
- emphasized unconcious through process
- free association and dream analysis
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what are the three parts of Freuds psychosexual theory?
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What is the ID?
What are the two parts of ID?
- basic urges
- Eros: life force- drive for good/satisfaction
- Thanatos: death force- drive for death/destruction
- -ID could destroy world by itself
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what is the EGO?
- develops in early infancy
- seeks to satisfy in socially responsible ways
- must resolve competing demands of ID and SUPEREGO
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what is SUPEREGO?
- develops between ages 3-6 years
- values and morality
- learning from enviroment
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Freud's Stages (5)
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latency
- genital
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Oral stage?
fixation of stage?
- exploring world through mouth
- ex. nailbiting
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Anal stage?
fixation of stage?
- seek pleasure through going to the bathroom
- anal retentive- controlling
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phallic stage?
fixation on stage?
- penis is center of attention
- never want to move away from home
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latency stage?
- no sexual urges
- time for education
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genital stage?
- puberty restarts sexual urges
- healthy development leads to love, marriage
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what did Freud theory contribute?
layout stage theory
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critisism of freud theory?
- no observations of children
- no variance
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what did erickson psychosocial theory focus on?
- neo-freudian
- positive and negative attributes developed
- focus more on social than sexual
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difference between freud vs. erickson
- whole lifespan
- positives and negatives
- specifies life changes
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what is behaviorism?
- emphasis on enviromental influences
- focus on observable behavior
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what kind of classical conditioning did watson do?
- applied it to childrens behavior
- little albert and the rat (fear all white things)
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what is operant conditioning?
responses are learned to produce some reward or desired effect
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what is a positive reinforcement?
- give reward to encourage behavior
- -gold star
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what is negative reinforcement?
- take away aversive thing to encourage behavior
- -seat belt noise
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what is positive punishment?
- give aversive thing to discourage behavior
- -spanking
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what is negative punishment?
- take away reward to discourage behavior
- -grounded
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what is the social learning theory
who made the theory?
- people learn by modeling or imintating others
- Bandura
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what is cognitive developmental theory?
who made theory?
- children adapt new information so that it fits with exsisting cognitive structures
- Piaget
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what are the four stages of Piagets theory?
- sensorimotor stage- infant
- preoperational stage- early childhood
- concreteoperational stage- mid childhood
- formal operational stage- adolescence
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what is vygotsky social cultural theory?
culture values and norms are transmitted to child
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What is the ecological systems theory?
who created it?
- empazies child biology and many contextual systems in which child is embedded
- Bronfenbrenner
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What are the five nested contextual systems?
ecological theory
- Microsystem
- mesosystem
- exosystem
- marcosystem
- chronosystem
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what is the microsystem?
anything child interacts with daily
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what is the mesosystem?
how different componants of the microsystem interact
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what is the exosystem?
interact with but not on regular basis
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what is the macrosystem?
cultural constucts, laws, customs
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what is the chronosystem?
how systems develop and change over time
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what are the steps of the scientific method?
- identify a question
- forming a hypothesis
- choose a research method
- collect data
- draw conclusions
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where does an idea come from?
- previous research
- theory
- personal observation
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what is a descriptive design?
describes situation of study
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what is correlation design?
relationship between two or more variables that are related
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what is experimental design?
can see cause and effect between two or more variables
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types of descriptive studies?
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what is a case study?
extensive in depth interview with a particular individual or small group
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what is a ethnography?
researchers immerse themselves in another culture and try not to influence
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what is a correlation study?
- two or more variables are related to each other
- cannot determine causation
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what are the types of correlation studies ? -3
- cross sectional study
- logitudinal
- cross-sequential
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what is a cross sectional study?
people at different ages are compared at the same point in time
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problems with a cross sectional study?
- cannot see differences in age
- cohort effect
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what is longitudinal study?
one group with behavior of participants measured over time
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problems with a longitdinal study?
- cohort effects
- attrition
- time consuming
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what is cross sequential study?
- examine two or more cohorts
- takes less time
- less likely to contribute to cohort effects
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what is experimental design?
- gold standard
- we can see if one variable causes effect on other variables
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what is random assignment?
- randomly put into groups
- -no bias
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what is an independent variable?
manipulate in the study
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what is a dependent variable?
outcome variable
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limitations with experimental design?
- what happens in experiment might not happen in real life
- some variables cannot be manipulated
- demand characteristic
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ways to collect data?
- observation- structured/natural
- survey
- interviews- clincal/structured
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what is oberservation natural way to collect data?
unmodified
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what is a observation structured way to collect data??
give them what you want them to interact with
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what is the survey way to collect data?
report on others or self
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what is interviews with clinical data collection?
partitipant share what they thinking and feeling
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what is interviews with structured data collection?
- participants are asked to respond to specific questions
- -more interactive
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what is generalizability?
if the finding can be represented by population
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what is validity measures?
measure what is suppose to be measured
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what is reliability of measures?
if someone else did study would results be similar
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what is random sampling?
when random people are chosen for study
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what are research ethics?
- risk
- benefit
- protection from harm
- informed consent
- debriefing
- confidentiality
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what is debriefing?
explain what point of study is
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what is a gamate?
one sex cell (sperm or egg)
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what is a chromosome?
23 pairs of DNA contained in every cell in the body
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what is meiosis?
process thru which gamates are formed
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what is a zygote?
basic for of prenatal development going through mitosis
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what is mitosis?
development of cells, the fetus growing
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what is an autosome?
non sex cell/chromosomes
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what is dizygotic (fraternal)
from two zygotes or eggs
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what is monozygotic (identical)?
from one zygote or egg
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what is a genotype?
specific genetic makeup of a individual
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what is phenotype?
observable traits or characteristics
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what are dominant genes?
expressed characteristics
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what are recessive genes?
not expressed characteritics although part of genetics
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what is incomplete dominance?
phenotype influenced primarly but not exclusively by dominant gene
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the ___ chromosome pair determines male or female?
23rd
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males are more vulnerable to _-linked recessive disorders?
x
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x-linked inheritance effects who more?
males
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what is pleiotropism?
single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits
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what is polygenic inheritance?
multiple gene pairs that create one trait
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for the x-linked chromosome abnormality in down sydrome where is the extra material added?
21st chromosome
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what is the life expectancy?
lower
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greater risk for who?
older mothers
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are chromosomal disorders passed from parent to child?
no
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is there a relationship between maternal age and chromosomal disorders?
yes
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is there a relationship between fathers age and chromosomal disorders?
maybe
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male chromosomal disorder
extra X or XXY
tall
lower level of testaterone
klinefelter syndrome
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male chromosomal disorder
extra Y or XYY
increased amount of testosterone
large stature
broad shoulders
XYY syndrome
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female chromosomal disorder
extra X or XXX
excess estrogen
short stature
triple-x syndrome
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female chromosomal disorder
lack a X or XO
mental handicap
turner syndrome
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what is heredity estimates?
how much individual differences in a trait is due to heredity
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what is concordance rates?
- percentage that indicates degree of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members
- ex. son to dad
- son to mom
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what is passive correlation?
genes influencing phenotype
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what is evocation correlation?
genes evocates change in enviroment
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what is active correlation?
genetic makeup that fits with their phenotype
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first cell division in __ to __ hours
12 - 24
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what is conception?
rapid cell division while going down the fallopian tube
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what is a blastocyst?
hollow ball of cells
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early miscarriage is due to?
defective sperm
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germinal period major development?
amnion, umbilical cord, placenta
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ectoderm?
skin, nervous system
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endoderm?
lungs, digestive system, internal organs
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major development in the embryonic period?
major organs begin to form, heartbeat on 18th day
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major development in fetal period?
significant brain development
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what does the fetus inhale/exhale during fetal period?
amniotic fluid
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during fetal period oxygen comes from?
umbilical cord
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what is vernix?
cottage cheese substance that covers skin from amniotic fluid
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what is lanugo?
thin hair provides warmth
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when is movement felt by mother?
16-20 weeks
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at 5 months what is the baby doing in the womb?
sleep/wake cycle
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at 9 months what closes and reopens at 7 months?
eyes
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what is the age of viability?
when fetus can survive out of the womb
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fetus gains __ lbs in last trimester
5
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what are prenatal beliefs impacted by?
generational wisdom of time
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what are some prenatal beliefs?
- avoid wine
- some meats
- witches
- strong foods
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what is current science driven prenatal method that is derived from traditional cultures?
massages
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current prenatal care can vary based on?
ethnicity and sociol economic status
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developing world would less likely recieve what care?
prenatal
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what is the current prenatal focus on ?
diet, exercise and teratogens
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two key vitamins in prenatal diet care?
iodine and iron
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where is iodine a bigger issue?
developing countries
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what vitamin is necessary for a healthy pregnancy?
iron
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what type of physical activity is encourage when pregnant?
- aerobic
- non-aerobic (kegals)
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what are teratogens?
anything that can harm developing fetus
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examples of teratogens?
- alcohol
- tobacco
- stress
- caffeine
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when is the baby most vulnerable to teratogens?
embryo
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when can tetorgens affect the developing fetus and embryo?
anytime
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rural nature of half of the worlds population impacts what?
nutrition
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childrens health could vary based on ____ or area of conception
country
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maternal obesity is linked to ?
baby complications
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rubella exposure during embryonic stage can lead to what?
heart abnormalities and mental retardation
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rubella exposure during the fetus stage can lead to what?
hearing problems and low birth weight
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what three strategies can prevent AIDS transmission?
- effective medicines
- c-section
- infant formula
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what are the consequences of smoking while pregnant?
- low birth weight
- miscarriage
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what is fetal alcohol syndrome?
physical effects, flat face, mother drinking heavily during pregnancy
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consequences of asprin?
low birth wt
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consequences of illicet drugs?
- prematurity
- siezures
- speech problems
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conseqences of caffeine?
most vulnerable when?
- learning disabilities
- miscarriage
- last trimester
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what are the consequences of mercury and lead?
- cognitive defects
- still birth
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effect of tratogen may depend on when what occurs?
exposure
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what are other prenatal factors that have to do with the mother?
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what are the three main causes of men infertility?
- too few sperm
- quality of sperm
- low motility
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main cause of women infertility?
ovulation
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what were some historical infertility treatments?
- bloodletting
- mutual orgasm
- surgery on woman
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why is there an infertility belt in africa?
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what is the cat in the hat study?
mother read to fetus for last trimester everyday
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stages of birth?
- labor
- baby out
- placenta out
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first stage: labor
time?
contractions in the uterus cause ___ to dialate
what is the rule of thumb? 5-1-1
- longest
- cervix
- 5 min apart
- last 1 min
- pattern contiue for 1 hour
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second stage: delivery
________ occurs
mulitple pushes because of ______
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third stage: expel placenta
complcations can occur from what?
placenta not come out
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two common birth complications?
- failure to progress
- breech presentation
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what can be done to dal with birth complications?
c-section
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c-sections differ thru out countries why?
- tools avaiable
- doctors avaiable
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culutures may have ______ traditions for mothers after birth
purifying
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_______ also has meaning in some cultures
what do some cultures do with?
some cultures believe placenta has value for?
- placenta
- bury it
- hormones and nutrients
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______ and ________ support important
medical use of ______ in developed countries
____ ___ can help with pain
how is the placenta delivered
umbilical cord can be ___ & ____
- emotional and social
- epidural
- birthing positions
- varies methods
- cut and tied
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what is the apgar scale?
- scale that rates
- appearance
- pulse
- grimace
- activity
- respiration
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what is anoxia?
lack of oxygen to the brain
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what is prematurity?
born before 37 weeks after conception
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what is the biggest complication with prematurity?
birth wt
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how does the baby ususally act when born premature
irratible
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what is low birth wt?
under 5.5lbs
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what is the best predictor of infant survival ?
birth wt
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what is a postmature infant?
- 2 weeks past due date
- usually long in length and skinny in wt
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what are we 41st in the world for infant mortality?
- more taratogens
- higher uninsured
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numerous reflexes of infants due to _____
stimuli
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palmer grasp, moro and rooting disappear when?
1st year
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what sense is the easiest to develop?
touch
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____ and ___ become well developed?
show smell preferences for ____ diet
prefer what taste?
prefers mothers ____
- taste and smell
- mothers
- sweet
- breast milk
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hearing is sensative to what?
prefer what voice?
have problems with?
- human speech
- mothers
- locating sound
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what is the least developed?
binocular and color are ____
prefer _____ to random designs
prefer _____ to other patterns
- vision
- limited
- patterns
- faces
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what is a preference paradigm?
infants exposure to two faces look longer at familiar one
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what is habituation-dishauituation?
constant exposure to pattern become bored, slight change become interested
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what is intermodal perception?
combine multiple senses to percieve something
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infant upset when sights and sounds are not _____
synchronous
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who do newborns imitate?
adults
-
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fussing cry is what?
soft, unsteady
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anger cry is what?
large sound of air
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pain crying is what?
sudden onset
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crying can be classified as basic if no distintive ___ is noted
cry
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crying curve relates to ____ ______
crying frequency
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when do babies cry the most
2 months
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duration and intensity of crying _____ between cultures
what is swaddling?
- differ
- wrapping the babies arms and legs tight together
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