Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes, polyhydroxy ketones or and compound that when hydrolyzed yield these 2 products. 
• Aldoses are monosaccharides that have an aldehyde group
• Ketoses are monosaccharides that have a ketone group

• Glucose is the most important monosaccharide.
• Polysaccharides made up of glucose are starch, cellulose and glycogen.

• Pyran is a 6 membered ring (Pyranose)
• Furan is a 5 membered ring (Furanose)

Mutarotation involves changes in configuration at the anomeric carbon by ring opening and closing

Boat and chair confirmation. (Chair is more stable)

• If they contain a terminal aldehyde that is oxidized to an acid it is known as an -aldonic acid. 
• If they contain a terminal hydroxyl group being oxidized to an acid then it's a -uronic acid.
• If the both are oxidized: -aldaric acid

Glucosamine and galactosamine are sugars that instead of containing 1 hydroxyl group it contains an amine group.

Glycoside: A compound formed when the anomeric -OH reacts with another hydroxide compound. The sugar providing the anomeric C is the named sugar. The other compound is the aglycone.

• "Starch": Amylopectin (a branched chain of α-linked maltose) 
• Amylose (an unbranched α-linked chain of maltose). Cellulose: A β-linked chain of Glu.

Possibly because β-linked things are hard to digest like lactose (Galac β Glu). in this case cellulose is impossible to digest.

• maltose: glucose linked
• lactose: beta linked
• sucrose: alpha linked

GAGS are unbranched polysaccharides made up of repeating disaccharides of an amino sugar and uronic acid.

2 glycosminoglycans (GAG) are: hyalutonic acid and heparin

The particular ABO type is defined by the absence or presence of Galactose or N-acetyl galactosamine on a surface sphingolipid