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What is cancer?
imprecise term used to describe an estimated 200 different kinds of malignant neoplasms marked by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
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What is a new growth of no function?
neoplasia
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What is the name of a neoplasia?
tumor
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What means it will spread; it is a threat to the pt?
malignant
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What means it is non-cancerous; not a threat; wont spread?
benign
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What is a metastasis?
spreading of cancer
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What is a malignant tumor that starts in epithelial tissue (skin, lining of organs)?
carcinoma
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What is a sarcoma?
cancer arising from connective tissue (muscle, bone, cartilage, fat)
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What is a cancer of blood forming tissues, mostly commonly WBCs?
leukemia
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What is a lymphoma?
malignancy of lymph tissue (bone marrow)
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What is tumor morphology?
another way to classify cancers according to shape and size
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What type of cancer outnumbers other cancers 6:1?
carcinomas
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What are common types of cancer in males? (in order)
- 1. prostate
- 2. lung
- 3. colorectal
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What types of cancers cause the greatest number of deaths in men? (in order)
- 1. lung
- 2. prostate
- 3. colorectal
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What are common types of cancer in women? (in order)
- 1. breast
- 2. lung
- 3. colorectal
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What types of cancers cause the greatest number of deaths in women? (in order)
- 1. lung
- 2. breast
- 3. colorectal
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What are 5 factors affecting the significance of cancer?
- site of development (internal causes are worse)
- ease of detection (found early, take care of it earlier)
- extent of tumor at diagnosis (small?contained? spreading?)
- effectiveness of therapy (chemo, radiation, surgery -> get it all?)
- biologic behavior (type-> some spread worse than others)
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What are the 3 mechanisms of tumor spread?
- lymphatics
- blood vessels
- body cavities
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What are 6 etiologies of cancer?
- chemicals
- radiation
- oncogenic viruses
- unknowns
- genetics
- hormones
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What is an initiator?
what starts/causes the cancer
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What is a promoter?
what promotes the growth of the cancer
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What are some local manifestations of cancer?
- pain (typically #1)
- obstruction
- mass
- fracture
- hemorrhage
- infection
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What are 7 systemic manifestations of cancer?
- 1. anemia
- 2. weight loss
- 3. fatigue
- 4. hormonal syndromes
- 5. cachexia (general wasting-> skinny, atrophied mm)
- 6. night sweats
- 7. infection
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What are 4 causes of death in cancer pts?
- 1. general wasting
- 2. infection (#1 cause)- pneumonia
- 3. metabolic derangement - messed up/of balanced
- 4. hemorrhage
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What are cancers 7 warning signals?
- 1.Change in bowel or bladder habits
- 2.A sore that does not heal
- 3.Unusual bleeding or discharge
- 4.Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
- 5.Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
- 6.Obvious change in wart or mole
- 7.Nagging cough or hoarseness
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Where do bone tumors usually occur?
distal femur or proximal tibia
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What are 2 types of benign bone neoplasms?
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What is a bone cyst?
- benign, fluid filled
- makes more common
- upper humerus or femur
- surgical excision
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What is an osteoid osteoma?
- small painful lesion
- 5-24 yrs old
- males > females
- LEs, small bones of foot (sometimes vertebrae, femur)
- surgical excision
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What are 4 types of malignant bone neoplasms?
- osteosarcoma
- chondrosarcoma
- giant cell tumor
- ewings sarcoma
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What is an osteosarcoma?
- highly malignant
- often requires amputation
- poor prognosis
- between ages 10-20
- males>females
- usually femur
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What is a chondrosarcoma?
- 2nd most common malignant bone tumor
- men>women
- average 45 yrs
- pelvic bones, long bones
- amputation
- poor prognosis
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What is a giant cell tumor?
- aggressive
- 30-40 yrs
- men and women equal
- amputation
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What is ewings sarcoma?
- 4-5% of all bone tumors
- younger ppl
- typicall long bones
- malignant tumor of bone
- most commonly due to metastatic cancer
- tumor cells arrive in bloodstream
- skeletal metastases are found in at least 85% of all cancer cases
- vertebral column is most common
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What are some preventions of cancer?
- dont drink or smoke
- dont get in sun
- dont take extra estrogen
- avoid radiation
- occupational hazards
- eat nutritiously
- get all your tests
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