abnormal development (CP)

mary quinton

• block
• begins as abnormal extensor activity

• original pattern
• compensations
• habit
• contractures
• deformities
• surgery

• neck
• shoulders
• pelvis
• hips

neck hyperextension

• if head is lifted in prone, it is done with neck hyperextension
• throwing head up and catching it on their shoulders

lack head control,so compensatin occurs by elevating the shoulders to stabilize the head (limits degree of freedom), therefore preventing normal head/neck mvmts and exaggerating neck hyperextension

• increased shoulder elevation limits normal mobility of the scapulae resulting in decreased UE mvmt/control/development
• (arms are stuck to the side and the shoulder girdle mm get tight)
• neck hyperextension also causes an open mouth posture and forward jut of the chin (unopposed m control-should be out of jutting the chin at 4 months)

• stretch
• elongate the neck mm while activating flexion and increase shoulder girdle mobility and UE function
• work on head control and functional mobility
• provide them with what is missing

• lack of bilateral neck flexor activity, therefore lack midline control
• tends to keeo the head to one side (becomes more and more asymmetric and push into a surface rather than pulling away like they should)
• resulting inb decreased visual awareness (eyes pulling in direction of head)
• decreased hands to midline
• decreased body awareness (no experience with hands, hands to feet, or foot to foot contact
• increased influence of ATNR

• ATNR complicates with a lateral reach to swipe resulting in decreased bilateral and symmetrical UE use and ocular control (secondary to decreased midline convergence)
• head is turned resulting in spinal rotation (at risk for scoliosis or extreme lordosis due to tight quadratus lumborum)
• weight shift to the face side and increased spinal extension

• decreased bilateral symmetrical UE use
• decreased body awareness
• decreased ocular control
• decreased hand to mouth play
• increased oral sensitivity (they never desensitize by putting things in their mouth)
• increased risk of scoliosis
• increased risk of subluxation or dislocation (pelvis rotates toward face side, unsupported femur, and femoral IR)

• increase head, neck, spinal mobility and midline control (need bilateral flexion and ext)
• simulate UE symmetrical use
• ocular convergence
• body exploration
• stretch
• infant-carry
• teen-bolster, ball

• shoulder block (normally some degree of head block)
• mm between the scapulae and humerus are not elongated and shoulder girdle control is hampered

• decreased humeral ER, flex, and horiz abd
• lack of shoulder girdle control/stability
• decreased forearm WBing (therefore use prolonged primitive prone ext (arms close to body) and scapular add to reinforce spinal ext)
• inhibits good shoulder development and use
• may also stabilize humerus close to their side, increasing trunk elevation, and decreasing normal shoulder girdle use

• m tightness between scapulae and humerus which blocks normal mvmt and devlopment of the shoulders so there is compensation at the elbows
• decreased UE WBing in prone and quadraped and decreased reach, grasp, and manipulation skills

• stretch
• treat the head/neck block first if present
• increase scapular stability
• increase scapula-humeral mobility and active humeral mvmts such as ER, flexion, horiz add (hand to midline to mouth)
• increase UE WBing and weight shifts (bc these kids have limited their mobility)

anterior

• lower tone (block wider in W sit)
• ant pelvic tilt with hip flex (iliopsoas), abd, ER is not balanced by antigravity flexion components (in supine- abdominal flexion, LE flexion, hip add, ER)
• decreased post tilt and decreased elongation of lumbar extensors, decreased trunk, pelvic control PREVENTING LATERAL WEIGHT SHIFTS AND DECREASED RIGHTING REACTIONS

• frog leg position in prone is prolonged
• increased hip flex/abd/ER mobility
• increased lumbar ext

• attempt to weight shift causing lateral flexion on the nonWBing side (not normal)
• decreased dissociation of lumbar, pelvic, and hip mvmts
• bunny hop instead of creep (decreased ability to weight shift) and have bigger excursions of mvmt
• tailor sit (indian sit) if placed but still have an pelvic tilt, flexed hips, abduction, and ER and will still demonstrate decreased weight shifts

• APT
• hip flexion
• wide BOS
• lower their COG (crouch)
• adduct hips for added stability
• may have ankle pronation/eversion

• stretch the back out
• have weak abs, so increase abd m. activity (lateral righting and equilibrium reactions)
• increase hip mobility and control
• increase proper weight shifts
• treat secondary compensations such as ankle and knee alignment, control and mobility
• work in ALL positions

• very stong extension
• in prone, very strong lumbar ext with weak hip ext and add and decreased antigravity mvmt
• if you put a pt into sit, they look like they are struggling (reaching for knees for stability)
• HS's are active and tight
• glutes are very inactive
• sacral sit

• very limited function, therefore compensations are result of positions theyre placed in
• decreased joint mobility and tight mm, so they usually obtain mobility from the point of least resistance

• cant tailor sit without falling over
• W sit at times with a PPT and trunk flexion
• if they creep, usually also bunny hop
• decreased ability to stand
• decreased BOS, weight shift, control
• look likes knees are touching

• in sitting: tight HS's so dont allow for full hip flexion or ext of the knees
• have posterior tilt
• rounded trunk
• sacral sit (hang on rectus abdominus)
• knees are flexed to decrease the HS stretch

• treat all other blocks and elongate short mm (HS's)
• increase jt mobility
• increase antigravity flexion balanced with ext
• perform weight shifts and LE dissociation (half kneel, sidelying, etc)

• come from cerebrum
• loss of ability to move or control mvmt
• results from injury to the developing brain up to 2 yrs of age causing a disturbance in normal motor abilites of a person

• problems experienced during intrauterine
• development, maternal metabolic diseases
• maternal nutritional deficiencies
• twins or multiple births
• maternal bleeding
• toxemia
• mother is RH positive, develops antibodies
• infextion, exposure to radiation

• prematurity, low birth weight, anoxia (lack of oxygen during labor and delivery)
• mechanical trauma during delivery
• electrolyte disturbances

trauma,infections, anoxia, cerebral hemmorhage related to MVA, child abuse

• traumatic injuries (MVA)
• infections- encephalitis, meningitis
• toxic exposure-lead poisoning
• vascular accidents-congenital aneurysms
• cerebral anoxia
• brain tumors

• abnormally still and quiet-unreactive to environment
• overactive with irritable cry
• failure to suck or root properly
• motor skills not developing on schedule- poor head control, hands remain fisted, abnormal reflexes persist

• abnormal patterns of posture and mvmt
• disturbed muscle tone
• muscle weakness
• defective proprioceptive and cutaneous sensation
• deafness, blindness
• epilepsy- disturbances in elextrical activity of the brain

• UMN- occurs in CNS
• LMN- innervates skeletal mm

• entire body involved
• UE>LE
• have difficulty with head and trunk control and may or may not walk (bilateral brain damage)

• one side of the body affected
• trunk ism ost likely affected as well due to compensations for lack of controlled mvmt (unilateral brain damage)

• mostly lower body involvement, but trunk is almost always affected
• can be UEs

bilateral LE involvement

unilateral UE involvement

• both LEs and 1 UE involved
• aka hemi-di

• spastic
• stiff, hypertonic
• clasped knife phenomenon (when you resist a body part then let it go, it shoots back at them)
• syngergist mvmt patterns (abnormal-group of mm that work together to provide mvmt patterns) with weakness in the antagonist
• isolated mvmts are difficult/impossible so your tx would involve dissociation
• increased deep tendon reflexes (stretch reflexes that can be elicited by striking the m tendon, such as the knee using a hand or reflex hammer
• may have clonus
• may have toe signs such as babinski or chaddock (ext of big toe to irritation of the skin covering the malleolus)
• loss of control of volitional mvmts

dorsal rhizotomy - dorsal roots of spinal cord are selectively cut to decrease synaptic, afferent activity within the spinal cord which in turn decreases spasticity

pt is very weak after surgery...important to stretch

hemispheric lesion, cerebral cortex (hemisphere)

techniques to inhibit spasticity include WBing, weight shifting, slow and rhythmic rocking, rythmic rotation, dissociation

be slow and gentle!!!!

• purposeless mvmts
• can be fast or slow
• patterned or unpatterned
• may be at rest or only with mvmt
• difficulty grading mvmts
• choroid mvmts possible

• worm like mvmts, jerky, swiping mvmts, tremors, rotary mvmts may be present in all or some body parts, uncontrollable, unpredicatable
• hypertonic or hypotonic - may fluctuate
• may have sudden spasms, bad fine motor mvmts, weakness, voluntary mvmts are disruppted, extremes with range, problems with midline control

basal ganglia (regulates posture and m tone)

ataxia (drunken soldier)

• clumsy, uncoordinated mvmts
• hypertonia
• trunk or limb ataxia or both
• tremors - nystagmus (eye tremor)
• dysmetria (over/under shoot)
• delays in initiating mvmt
• weakness
• joint laxity
• decreased resistance to passive mvmt
• increased fatigueability

cerebellum (controls balance and muscular mvmts)

putting weights on their arms/ankles to help control mvmts

• uncommon with CP
• m tone is increased to the point of rigid postures and any directional mvmt is impeded

damage at the cerebellum (severe)

• slow, regular reciprocal mvmts (alternating agonist/antagonist contractions)
• normally occur with concentration

damage at the basal ganglia

atonia

60-70%

abnormal muscle tone> abnormal mvmt> abnormal sensory feedback> reinforcement of abnormal mvmt

pt needs no tx as only minimal interference with normal ADLs or amb

• needs specialized tx, is inadequate in self care, amb or ADLs
• braces such as ankle-foot orthoses (AFO) and self help devices are required

• needs tx to such a degree that the prognosis for improvement/function is very poor
• may need specialized w/c for positioning-normally w/c bound

• early intervention
• preschool
• school age and adolescence
• adulthood

• suppress abnormal reflex activity by training inhibitory function of the nervous system and thus improve the pattern of posture and mvmt. practicing postural control within socially an cognitively appropriate functional tasks
• stimulate and train the sensory nervous system in proprioception-sensorimotor development
• maintain full ROM at all joints
• facilitate or inhibit tone
• developmental activities and play
• train perception such as body image, spatial appreciation, and size/shape recognition
• attain and sustain upright orientation