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What is the deadliest infectious disease of the cat?
feline infectious peritonitis
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What is the virus that causes FIP? Where does this virus reside in the patient?
- corona virus
- enterocytes of GIT
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What is the defining characteristic of coronavirus becoming FIP?
mutation that enables replication in macrophages
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Are coronavirus and FIP 2 separate viruses?
no, they are phenotypic variants (biotypes) of the same virus
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What are 3 descriptive characteristics that define FIP?
- vasculitis,
- pyogranulomatous inflammation
- exudative fibrinous polyserositis
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Is corona virus contagious? is FIP?
- corona is highly contagious (fecal oral)
- FIP can not be directly transmitted from cat to cat
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What is the peak age of incidence for developing FIP?
6mo - 3 years (but any age can be effected)
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Is FIP seen in pure bred cats?
yes some have genetic susceptibility (and wild cats too!)
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what can increase chance of corona mutating into FIP?
- STRESS
- viral load, immune impairment, steroids, sx, concurrent disease (FeLV, FIV +)
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Do cats completely clear corona virus?
- healthy carriers often shed for months to LIFE
- 1/3 healthy + cats actively shed
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True or False: onset of clinical signs for FIP are often insidious, non specific and non localizing.
True
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Is FIP fatal or curable?
virtually always progressive and fatal
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Which type of effusion is most common with wet FIP?
abdominal
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Describe gross findings in a patient with dry and wet FIP.
- fibrinous exudate on all organs/yellowish
- viscous fluid if effusive
- pyogranulomatous inflammation on viscera
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What is the difference between intestinal FIP that is diffuse v. focal?
- diffuse: pyogranulomatous enteritis w/ chronic diarrhea
- focal: pyogran. mass (tumor like)
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What is a very important CBC finding in a patient with FIP?
- elevated total protein due to elevated globulins
- A/G ratio: <0.8
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Describe common findings if fluid is analyzed from abdominal effusion.
- clear, golden yellow, stay colored
- sticky, fibrinous
- proteinacious (4-10g/dL)
- globulins >50%
- hi WBC count
- pyogranulomatous exudate on cytology (PMNs)
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What does it mean if corona virus antibody test is positive?
cat has been exposed to corona virus at some time
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Are a large or small percentage of healthy cat population positive for FCoV antibodies?
large % (most NEVER develop FIP)
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Can serology determine active from past infection of FCoV?
no
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Is PCR a helpful diagnostic tool for FIP?
not confirmatory test bc can't always distinguish between mutated and nonmutated FCoV
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What are preferred specimens for PCR for FIP?
body cavity effusions and tissue biopsies (not blood)
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What is best confirmatory test for FIP?
histopathology (esp if combined with immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence)
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How do you treat FIP?
no effective treatment, palliative but highly fatal disease
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Is FIP vaccine recommended for routine use?
- no, only for cats entering cattery and has to be >16wk old
- no evidence that vx induces clinically relevant protection
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How is FeLV transmitted? What age cat is most susceptible?
- vertical (nursing)
- horizontal (prolonged exposure to saliva)
- <4 months
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Is FeLV found in pure bred catteries?
most have completely eliminated
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Is FeLV resistant in the environment?
no, easily destroyed
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Where does FeLV invade that can cause the poorest prognosis for the patient?
bone marrow (circulation of virus infected leukocytes and plt - persists)
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Some cats exposed to FeLV never get infected. What is the most important factor determining resistance to infection?
age (resistance in cats over 4months)
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What type of infection do most cats exposed to FeLV get? Can they fully recover from this type of infection?
- transient then rejected by immune system
- Results in full clinical recovery
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True of False: Cats with FeLV can potentially eliminate the virus at any stage, even if they have been a persistent carrier.
true
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If a cat has a latent infection w/ FeLV, would he show up positive on ELISA or IFA test? Will he eliminate this virus on his own?
- no
- most have uneventful elimination within 6-9 months
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What form of FeLV infection is eventually fatal? By what age do these cats usually die?
- persistent infection (continuous shedding and viremia)
- ~4 years
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What is an important CBC finding on cats with FeLV?
nonregenerative anemia that is normocytic or macrocytic
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What form of cancer can patients with FeLV develop? Do most cats w/FeLV get this cancer?
- lymphoma and leukemia
- (some get hyperplastic lymph nodes, which is not necessarily neoplastic)
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When is FeLV usually diagnosed?
routine screening test in asymptomatic pet
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What are common immune mediated disorders that go with FeLV?
- IMHA & ITP
- also polyarthritis, glomerulonephritis, SLE
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At what age can you start testing for FeLV? Are vaccines recommended?
- at any age
- at risk cats only to reduce risk of infection
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Are FeLV screening tests looking for antigen or antibody? Which test is preferred for screening? Which is confirmatory?
- Antigen
- screen: ELISA (high sensitivity)
- confirm: IFA (hi specificity)
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What does it mean to have positive IFA test for FeLV?
- Antigens for FeLV are intracellur in WBCs or platelets
- (bone marrow involvement = poor prognosis)
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What does it mean to have positive ELISA for FeLV? Of the 4 types of infection, which will test + on this test?
- soluble antigens are in serum/plasma (antigenemia)
- transient and persistent carriers test +
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If ELISA is positive for FeLV, what can you do to confirm?
- retest in 4-6 weeks then again at 3 months to distinguish peristent from transient infection
- or do IFA as confirmatory
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what is preferred sample for IFA test?
- blood smear
- bone marrow smear
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Will cats who are treated for FeLV still test positive?
yes
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How do cats acquire FIV?
- **bite wounds (saliva)
- in utero/during birth/semen
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what is most common clinical abnormality with FIV?
- stomatitis, gingivitis and chronic URI
- lympho-plasmacytic inflammation
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Cats with FIV have a higher risk for neoplasia. Is the virus a direct of indirect cause?
indirect
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What is confirmatory test for FIV? What is screening test? What are these tests testing for?
- confirm: western blot (circulating antibody)
- screen: SNAP, ELISA, IFA (circulating antibody)
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If a cat is vaccinated for FIV, will he show up positive on ELISA tests?
yes
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At what age do you test cats for FIV? How long post exposure before they show up positive on antibody tests?
- >6months
- 1-6 months post (so retest negatives)
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Are FIV vaccines routinely used?
no; cross reacts with testing and efficacy not proven
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What are two other names for feline parvovirus? Do we routinely vaccinate for this?
- "Feline Distemper"
- "Feline Panleukopenia"
- yes, very effective against parvo enteritis
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