Anatomy and Physiology Histology Ch 5

______ membranes line cavities that are exposed to the external environment.

The abdominal cavity is lined with a type of membrane that is classified as a _____ membrane.

The four types of stratified epithelia are:

________ tissue fills spaces between other tissues, binds tissues to one another, and consists primarily of matrix with relatively few cells.

The function of simple epithelia is to allow rapic diffusion or transport.
true/false

Which 2 tissues are described as excitable tissues because they are able to respond to outside stimuli by changing their membrane potential?

A tissue sample cut in a slant is called?

List the four primary tissue types.

An organ is composed of at least two different tissue types, joined in a structural unit to serve a common function.
True/False

The clear gel portion of the extracellular fluid (matrix) that contains water, gases, minerals, nutrients, wastes, and other materials is called the _____ ____.

Name the three types of muscle tissue.
Skeletal
irregular
cardiac
rough
smooth

_________ is a circular, dense body that forms the site of attachment between certain epithelial cells, especially those of stratified epithelium of the epidermis, which consist of local differentiations of the apposing cell membranes. 

The _____  is a tough fibrous layer that covers a bone as a whole.

Four types of stratified epithelia are:

Tight junctions consist of...

1. Membrane plaques of adjacent cells anchored together; there is a space between cell membranes

2. Transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins around upper part of cell holding neighboring cells together.

3. Consist of connexons surrounding a channel leading from one cell to its neighbor.

A muscle cell is also called a _____ ____.

An ________ is another term for a fat cell.

Steps in tissue repair:

Epithelial regeneration; fibrosis, remodeling phase

Bleeding into the cut

Formation of granulation tissue and fibroblastic phase of prepair

Scab formation; macrophages become active

A ___ junction is a communicating area of attachment between two cells that is formed by a ringlike connexon, which consists of six transmembrane proteins surrounding a pore.

Endocrine and exocrine are types of  _____.

A _____ junction is a region in which adjacent cells are bound together by fusion of their plasma membranes, whereas a ____ junction consists of connections forming a pore.

_________ are connecting proteins.

The intercellular junction called a __________ allows the flow of ions between cells, transmitting electrical exitation from cell to cell.

______ glands are exocrine glands that secrete both serous fluid and mucin.

A muscle cell is also called a _______.

The _________ gives rise to the muscle and bone among other things.

_____ is the germ layer that gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system.

______ is innermost layer of the primary germ layers.

Ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm are the primary ____ layers.

A large round cell with a peripheral nucleus describes an _____.

Multilayered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be called a ______  _______.

______ ____ are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells.

Hyaline cartilage is different from elastic or fibrocartilage because the fibers are not visible with normal stain.
True/false

siple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract is characterized by:

cilia
fibroblasts
dense microvilli
a rich vascular supply

Collagen fiber gives connective tissue great tensile strength.
true/false

Formation of which tissue is the first step in tissue repair?
 replacement of destroyed tissue
scar tissue
fibrous connective tissue
granulation tissue.

Bone and cartilage matrix both contain blood vessels.
true/false

Cellularity –composed almost entirely of cells
Special contacts – form continuous sheets
held together by tight junctions and desmosomes
Polarity – apical and basal surfaces
(basement membrane)
Supported by connective tissue –
reticular and basal laminae
Avascular but innervated – contains no
blood vessels but supplied by nerve fibers
Regenerative – rapidly replaces lost
cells by cell division

Functions - Diffusion and filtration
Present in the kidney glomeruli, lining
of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and serosae

Function in secretion and absorption
Present in kidney tubules, ducts and
secretory portions of small glands, and ovary surface

Goblet cells are often found in this
layer
Function in absorption and secretion
Nonciliated type line digestive tract and
gallbladder
Ciliated type line small bronchi, uterine
tubes, and some regions of the uterus

Single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free surface
Nuclei are seen at different layers
Function in secretion and propulsion of mucus
Present in the male sperm-carrying ducts (nonciliated) and trachea (ciliated)

Thick membrane composed of several layers of cells
Function in protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion
Forms the external part of the skin’s epidermis (keratinized cells), and linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina
(nonkeratinized cells)
Exfoliation – a separation of the top layers of epithelial cells –flake off

Several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal, surface cells are dome shaped
Stretches to permit the distension of the urinary bladder
Lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra

Found throughout the body; most abundant and widely distributed in primary tissues:

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
 Bone
 Blood

 Binding and support
Protection
insulation and storage
Transportation

Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin
Varying degrees of vascularity
 Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of ground
substance and fibers 

Ground substance – unstructured material that fills the space between cells
Fibers – collagen, elastic, or reticular
Cells – fibroblasts, chondroblasts,
osteoblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells

Fibroblasts –
Macrophages – 
Leukocytes – 
Plasma cells –
Mast cells – 
Adipocytes –

secrete histamine and heparin
white blood cells – neutrophils& lymphocytes
phagocytes of connective tissue
 fat cells – found in smallclusters in connective tissue
connective tissue proper
 produce antibodies

 tough; provides high tensile strength – white fibers

– long, thin fibers that allow
for stretch – yellow fibers

– branched collagenous fibers that form
delicate networks

Reticular 
Elastic 
Collagen –

Interstitial (tissue) fluid

Adhesion glycoproteins – Bind tissues and
cells together

§    
Proteoglycans – glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
– chondroitin sulfate

Functions as a molecular sieve through which nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries and cells

“Universal Packing Material”

 Gel-like matrix with all three connective tissue
fibers

 Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white
blood cells

Wraps and cushions organs

Widely distributed throughout the body

Loose ground substance with reticular fibers
 Reticular cells lie in a fiber network
Found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and
the spleen

Matrix similar to areolar connective tissue with closely packed adipocytes

Reserves food stores, insulates against heat loss, and
supports and protects

 Found under skin, around kidneys, within abdomen, and
in breasts

 Local fat deposits serve nutrient needs of highly
active organs

Parallel collagen
fibers with a few elastic fibers

§    
Major cell type is fibroblasts

§    
Attaches muscles to bone or to other
muscles, and bone to bone

§    
Found in tendons, ligaments, and
aponeuroses

§    
Irregularly arranged collagen fibers with
some elastic fibers

§    
Major cell type is fibroblasts

§    
Withstands tension in many directions
providing structural strength

§    
Found in the dermis, submucosa of the
digestive tract, and fibrous organ capsules

Amorphous, firm
matrix with imperceptible network of collagen fibers

§   Chondrocytes lie in lacunae

§   Supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists
compression

§   Forms the costal cartilage

§   Found in embryonic skeleton, the end of long bones,
nose, trachea, and larynx

§    
Similar to hyaline cartilage but with
more elastic fibers

§    
Maintains shape and structure while
allowing flexibility

§    
Supports external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis

Matrix similar to
hyaline cartilage but less firm with thick collagen     fibers

§    
Provides tensile strength and absorbs
compression shock

§    
Found in intervertebral discs, the pubic
symphysis, and in discs of the knee joint

§    
Hard, calcified matrix with collagen
fibers found in bone

§    
Osteocytes are found in lacunae and are
well vascularized

§    
Supports, protects, and provides levers
for muscular action

§    
Stores calcium, minerals, and fat

§    
Marrow inside bones is the site of hematopoiesis

Red and white
cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
   
Contained within blood vessels
   
Functions in the transport of respiratory
gases, nutrients, and wastes

Branched neurons
with long cellular processes and support cells

§    
Transmits electrical signals from sensory
receptors to effectors

§    
Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral
nerves

Long, cylindrical,
multinucleate cells with obvious striations

§    
Initiates and controls voluntary movement

§    
Found in skeletal muscles that attach to
bones or skin

Branching,
striated, uninucleate cells interdigitating at intercalated discs

§    
Propels blood into the circulation

§    
Found in the walls of the heart 

Sheets of
spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei that have no striations

§    
Propels substances along internal
passageways (i.e., peristalsis)

§    
Found in the walls of hollow organs

(programmed cell death) – the normal death of cells that have completed their
function and are phagocytized by macrophages and other immune cells. 

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

______ is where epidermis, nervous tissue, and sense organs develop.

 ________ is where connective tissue, muscle, bone, and the urogenital and circulatory systems develop.

 ______ develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs, and associated structures.