urinary 2.txt

• I'd like to start this flashcard off by saying that I'VE BEEN TYPECAST!!!!
• *ahem*
• when children wet the bed more than twice per month after age 5 or 6

• counseling
• urination regimen
• urinary bladder conditioning
• medications (demopressin nasal spray or imipramine)

malfuntioning urinary bladder due to neurologic dysfunction or insult emanating from internal or external trauma, disease or injury

• stroke
• cancer
• dementia (Alzheimer's)
• spinal cord injury
• metabolic disorders (diabetic neuropathy)
• multiple sclerosis

• urinary bladder spasms
• failure to empty urinary bladder completely
• lack of feeling of fullness or urgency

• indwelling catheter
• pelvic floor muscle exercises
• medications

• anticholinergics (to relax overactive urinary bladder)
• cholinergic agonists (activates nerves in underactive urinary bladder)
• antibiotics

causes 85% of all kidney cancers leading to enlargement then destruction of the kidneys

found in transitional cells lining the urinary bladder, ureter or renal pelvis

rare disease of renal connective tissue accounting for less than 1% of all kidney tumors

• smoking
• industrial chemical exposure
• radiation and chemotherapy
• chronic urinary bladder infection or irritation
• parasitic infection

• chemotherapy (single or combination drug)
• fulguration (destroys tissue using an electric current)
• immunotherapy (infusion of Bacillus Calmetter-Guerin solutino into the urinary bladder)
• surgical removal of the urinary bladder
• ileal conduit

inflammation of the urethra

• UTI
• STD
• chemical exposure
• "straddle" injury in men
• urethral obstruction in women

minor deviation from normal range (7.35-7.45) can severly affect many organs and may lead to death (<6.8 or >7.8)

• lungs (by exhaling CO2)
• kidneys (by forming HCO3-)
• bicarbonate-carbonic buffer system

• acidosis (acid accumulation or alkali loss)
• alkalosis (alkali accumulation or acid loss)

• arterial CO2 partial pressure (PaCO2)
• serum HCO3-
• serum pH (<7.35=acidemia and >7.45=alkalemia)

occurs when either the lungs (Co2) or kidneys (HCO3-) respond to cause of the disorder and pH levels remain in the normal range

occurs when neither the lungs nor kidneys compensate adequately for alterations in CO2 and HCO3- and pH levels move out of the normal range

• rapid, multi-step process involving release of CO2 from the lungs in concert with the respiratory center of the brain
• -when CO2 accumulates in the blood, the pH of the blood decreases (acidity increases)
• -brain regulates CO2 levels exhaled by controlling the speed and depth of the breathing
• -as breathing becomes faster and deeper, exhaled CO2 levels and the pH of the blood increases
• -by adjusting the rate and depth of breathing, the brain and lungs are able to regulate the blood pH minute by minute

• affect blood pH by exreting excess acids or bases
• unlike the lungs, compensation by kidneys generally takes several days

involves carbonic acid (a weak acid formed from CO2 in blood) and HCO3- (the corresponding weak base) to minimize pH changes by adjusting the proportion of acid and base

develops when the amount of in body is increased through ingestion of susbtance that is metabolized to acid

• diabetic ketoacidosis
• drugs (azetazolamide, asprin, alcohol, iron)
• lactic acidosis
• loss of HCO3-
• kideny failure
• poisons (carbon monoxide, cyanide, ethylene glycol, methanol)
• renal tubular acidosis

• depends on cause
• insulin for diabetes
• removal of toxic substance from blood
• etc...

• lung diseases
• sleep-disordered breathing
• drug overdose
• neuromuscular diseases that impair breathing

• beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist/glucocorticosteroid
• supplemental O2
• mechanical ventilation

• loss of acid from vomiting or drainage of the stomach
• overactive adrenal gland
• diuretics

replace water and electrolytes (Na+ and K+) while treating the underlying cause

• anxiety
• aspirin overdose
• fever
• low O2 levels in the blood
• pain

• slow down rate of breathing
• pain medications
• breathing into a paper bag may raise blood CO2 levels by breathing CO2 back in after breathing it out