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Operational definition
A definition of a variable in terms of the operations (activities) a researcher uses to measure or manipulate it.
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Identity
A property of meausrement in which objects that are different receive different scores.
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Magnitude
A property of measurement in which the ordering of numbers reflects the ordering of the variable.
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Equal unit size
A property of measurement in which a difference of 1 is the same amount thoughout the entire scale.
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Independent variable
Manipulated variable.
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Dependent variable
Measured variable
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Absolute zero
A property of measurement in which assigning a score of zero indicates an absence of the variabe being measured.
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Nominal scale
A scale in which objects or individuals are assigned to categories that have no numerical properties.
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Ordinal scale
A scale in which objects or individuas are categorized, and the categoreis form a rank order along a continuum.
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Interval scale
A scale in which the units of measurement (intervals) between the numbers on the scale are all equal in size.
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Ratio scale
A scale in which, in addition to order and equal units of measurement, an absolute zero indicates an absence of the variable being measured.
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Nominal Scale
- Examples: Ethnicity, religion, sex.
- Properties: identity.
- Mathematical operations: None.
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Ordinal Scale
- Examples: class rank, letter grade.
- Properties: Identity, magnitude.
- Mathematical operations: rank order.
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Interval scale
- Examples: temperature, psych tests.
- Properties: Identity, magnitude, equal unit size.
- Mathematical operations: add, subtract, multiply, divide.
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Ratio scale
- Examples: Weight, height, time.
- Properties: identity, magnitude, equal unit size, absolute zero.
- Mathematical operations: add, subtract, multiply, divide.
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Discrete variables
Variables that usually consist of whole number units or categories and are made up of chunks or units that are detached and distinct from one another.
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Continuous variables
Variables that sually fall along a continuum and allw for fractional amounts.
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Self-report measures
Usually questionnaires or interviews that measure how people report that they act, think or feel.
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Test
A measurement instrument used to assess individual differences in various content areas.
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Behavioral measures
Measures taken by carefully observing and recording behavior.
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Reactivity
A possible reaction by participants in which they act unnaturally because they know they are being observed.
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Physical measures
Measures of bodily activity (such as pulse or blood pressure) that may be taken with a piece of equipment.
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Reliability
An indication of the consistency or stability of a measuring instrument.
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Correlation Coefficient
A measure of the degree of relationship between two sets of scores. It can vary between -1.00 and +1.00
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Positive correlation
A direct relationship between two variables in which an increase in one is related to an increase in the other, and a decrease in one is related to a decrease in the other.
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Negative correlation
An inverse relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is related to a decrease in the other and vice versa.
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Test/retet reliability
A reliability coefficient determined by assessing the degree of relationship between scores on the same test administered on two different occassions.
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Alternate-forms reliability
A reliability coefficient determined by assessing th degree of relationship between scores on two equivalent tests.
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Split-half reliability
A reliability coefficient determined by correlating scoes on one half of a measure with scoes on teh other half of the measure.
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Interrater reliability
A reliability coefficient that assesses the agreement of observations made by to or more raters or judges.
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Validity
A measure of the truthfulness of a measuring nstrument. It indicates measures what it claims to measure.
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Content validity
The extent to which a measuring instrument covers a representative sample of the domain of behaviors to be measured.
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Face validity
The extent to which a measuring instrument appears valid on its surface.
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Criterion validity
The wxtent to which a measuring instrument acurately predicts a behavior or ability in a given area.
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Construct validity
The degree to which a measuring instrument accurately measures a theoretical construct or trait taht it is designed to measure.
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A definition of a variable in terms of the activities a researcher used to measure or manipulate it is an ___.
operational definition
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___ is a property of measurement in which the ordering of numbers reflects the ordering of the variable.
Magnitude
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A(n) ___ scale is a scale in which objects or individuals are broken into categories that have no numerical properties.
nominal
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A(n) ___ scale is a scale in which the units of measurement between the numbers on the scale are all equal in size.
interval
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Questionnaires or interviews that measure how people report that they act, think or feel are ___.
self-report measures
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___ occurs when participants act unnaturally because they know they are being observed.
Reactivity
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When reliability is assessed by determining the degree of relationship between scores on the same test, administered on two different occasions, __ is being used.
test/retest reliability.
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___ produces a reliability coefficient that assesses the agreement of obervations made by two or more raters or judges.
Interrater reliability
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____ assesses the extent to which a measuring instrument covers a representative sample of the domain of behaviors to be measured.
Content validity
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The degree to which a measuring instrument accurately measure a theoretic construct or trait that it is designed to measure is assessed by __.
construct variability
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Gender is to the __ property of measurement and time is to the ___ property of measurement.
identity; absolute zero
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Arranging a group of individuals from heaviest to lightest represents the ___ property of measurement.
magnitude
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The letter grade on a test is to the __ scale of measurement and height is to the ___ scale of measurement.
ordinal; ratio
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Weight is to the __ scale of measurement and political affiliation is to the ___ scale of measurement.
ratio; nominal
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Measuring in whole units is to __ and measuring in whole units and/or fractional amounts is to ___.
discrete variable; continuous variable
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An individual's potential to do something is to ___ and an individual's competence in an area si to ___.
aptitude tests; achievement tests
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Sue decided to have subjects in her study of the relationship between amount of time spent studying and grades keep a journal of how much time they spent studying each day. The type of measurement that Sue is employing is known as a(n):
behavioral self-report
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Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the variables with the weakest degree of relationship?
+.01
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Which of th following is true?
Alternate-forms reliability is determined by assessing the degree of relatioship between scores on two different, equivalent tests.
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If observers disagree 20 times out of 80, then the interrater reliability is:
75%
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Which of the following is not a type of validity?
alternate-forms validity
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Which of the following is true?
Criterion validity is the extent to which a measuring instrument accurately predicts behavior or ability in a given area.
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