A&P ch 3 The cell

Bilayer consists of phospholipids (75%), cholesterol (20%), and glycolipids(5%)

Microvilli CiliaFlagellahairlike processes that in many cases are sensory in function (inner ear – balance and retina-light-absorbing part of thereceptor cell).  Motile cilia are found in the respiratory tract and in the uterine tubes.extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell’s surface area “brush border”. Ex.  Cells lining small intestinea whiplike structure much longer than a cilium and is only found in humans as the tail of sperm cell.

Filtration -DiffusionOsmosis-–the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration down a concentration gradient.3.     the diffusion of water downits concentration gradient from a region of low concentration of solutes to a high concentration of solutes. It occurs through cellophane, dialysis membranes, and cell membranes.  Aquaporins –channel proteins specialized for the passage of water. The passage of water and solutes through a membrane byhydrostatic pressure.   Pressuregradient pushes solute-containing fluid from a higher-pressure area to alower-pressure area. (Kidneys)

Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular
fluids

Membrane Permeability – _____ molecules
will diffuse readily and others need a transport protein ______

Which is polar and non polar

the pressure produced by the solute concentration on one side of a semipermeable membrane.  The higher the solute
concentration, the greater its osmotic pressure.

the ability of a solution to
affect the fluid volume and pressure of a cell is called _____

Isotonic –
Hypertonic –
Hypotonic –

1 solutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol

2 solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol

3 solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol

Uniport – 
Symport
system –

Antiport system – 

two substances are moved across a membrane in opposite directions (countertransport) – Na/K ion pump.

 two substances are moved across a membrane in the same direction(cotransport)

carries only one solute at a time.

– carrier-mediated
transport of a solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient.  Passive process –Ex. Glucose

carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a
membrane up its concentration gradient using energy provided by ATP.

Sodium-Potassium Ion Pump –

material between plasma membrane and the nucleus

largely water with dissolved protein, salts, sugars, and other solutes

metabolic machinery of the cell

chemical substances such as glycosomes, glycogen
granules, and pigment

 - Mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, and Golgi complex

 - centrosome, centrioles, basal
bodies, and ribosomes

Nonmembranous
Membranous

the largest organelle
and usually the only one visible under the light microscope

Selectively permeable double membrane barrier
containing pores.

fine threadlike matter composed of DNA and
protein

Dark-staining spherical bodies within the
nucleus where ribosomes are produced.

Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing
cisternae

Continuous with the nuclear membrane

Two varieties – rough ER and smooth ER

External surface
studded with ribosomes

Manufactures all
secreted proteins

Responsible for the synthesis of integral membrane
proteins and phospholipids for cell membranes

Tubules arranged
in a looping network

Catalyzes the following reactions in various organs of
the bodyIn the liver – lipid and cholesterol metabolism, breakdown of glycogen
and, along with the kidneys, detoxification of drugs

In the testes – synthesis of steroid-based hormones

In the intestinal cells – absorption, synthesis, and
transport of fats

In skeletal and cardiac muscle – storage and release
of calcium

Granules
containing protein and rRNA

Site of protein
synthesis

____ ribosomes synthesize soluble proteins

_______ ______ ribosomes synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes

Stacked and flattened membranous sacs
Functions in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins

Transport vessels
from the ER fuse to the Golgi apparatus 
Proteins then pass through the Golgi apparatus and carbohydrates are added to some and then the
substances are packaged into secretory vesicles.

Substances can be stored or released from the golgi

____ are produced in the golgi

- Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes
  They hydrolyze proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids, and other substrates.

membranous sacs that resemble lysosomes, but contain oxidases and catalases that detoxifies harmful or
toxic substances.  Abundant in liver and kidney cells.
Decompose fatty acids into 2 carbon acetyl groups to be used by the mitochondria to produce ATP.

– “Powerhouse”  of the cell Double membrane
structure with shelflike cristae

Provide most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
Contain their own DNA and RNA

Two assemblies of microtubules contained within a centrosome.

The “skeleton” of the cell
Dynamic, elaborate series of rods running through the cytosol
Consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

Dynamic strands of the protein actin 
Attached to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane
Braces and strengthens the cell surface – membrane
skeleton 
Attach to CAMs and function in endocytosis and exocytosis

Tough, insoluble protein fibers with high tensile strength
Resist pulling forces on the cell
Line the inside of the nuclear envelope and form a cage that encloses the nucleus

Dynamic, hollow tubes made of the spherical protein tubulin
Determine the overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles
Allow organelles to move from place to place within the cell

"suicide cell"