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What is a post synaptic potential? What are examples of excitatory and inhibitory?
- They are fast acting
- Excite - Glutamate
- Inhibitory - GABA
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What is neuromodulation?
- Slower acting
- regulation of synaptic transmission
- Facilitate or inhibit signaling properties of neurons
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Where is ACH found?
NMJ, PNS, preganglionic fibers, postganglionic parasympathetic fibers
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What is the function of ACH in the CNS and PNS?
- CNS: Modulator
- PNS: Effector
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What are teh nuclei that uses ACH? And what do they do?
- Nucleus Basalis - projections to most cortical areas
- Medial septal nucleas - projections to hippocampus
- Pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei/ Laterodorsal tegmental nuclei - role in arousal and locomotor regions
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What are the main functions of ACH in CNS? **
Attention, memory and learning
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What are adverse effects of drugs that block ACH?
Could cause Memory issues
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What disease and defect could degeneration of ACH connections cause?
could be related to memory eficits seen in Alzheimer disease.
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Where does Dopamine synthesize?
in the substantia nigera, pars compacta, and ventral tegmental area of the midbrain
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What is the mesostriatal (nigrostriatal) pathway of dopamine synthesis?
From the substantia nigra to the striatum which is composed of the putamen and caudate
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Where the mesolimbic pathway of dopamine travel?
TO the limbic system
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Where is the pathway from the mesocortical tract for dopamine?
To the prefrontal gyrus
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What happens with a lesion to the nigrostriatal pathway? Tx?
- Could cause parkinson's disease
- treated with DA agonists (pre-dopamine)
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What could happen with imbalances of dopamine in the limbic system? What pathway? Tx?
- Mesolimbic pathway.
- Cause schizophrenia signs, such as hallucinations
- treated with DA antagonists (DA is hyperactive already)
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What do the dopamine mesocrotical fibers regulate? Disease?
memory and attention; project to prefronal cortex (for initiation of movement; hypokinesia in PD
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Where is norepinephrine synthesized?
- Locus Ceruleus
- lateral tegmental area
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What is the target for norepinephrine?
Forebrain and branstem nuclei
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Is norepinephrine excitatory of inhibitory?
Inhibitory or excitatory: thalamic connections are mostly excitatory connections
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What is the function of Norepinephron
- attention
- inhibits sleep
- enhances wakefullness
- cycle regulation
- sympathetic regulation of BP
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How is ADD treated?
treated with agents that facilitate noradrenergic connections
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How is narcolepsy treated?
often treated with noradrenergic agonists
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What neurotransmitter(s) play a role in mood disorder?
- Norepinephrie and serotonin
- (Depression, Manic Depression Disorder, OCD)
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Where is serotonin synthesized?
in the Raphe nucleus
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Where does the rostral raphe nuclei send projections?
To the forebrain, thalamus, and basal ganglia
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What is the function of rostral raphe nuclei
- Serotonin connections can be either excitatory/ inhibitory
- involved in depression, OCD, aggression, sexual behavior, sleep/wake cycles
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Where does the caudal raphe nucle have projections? Functions?
- To cerebellum, medulla, SC
- Mediate pain
- (serotonin)
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Where is histamine located?
- posterior hypothalamus (tuberomamillary nucleus)
- reticular formation
- Mast cells
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What is the point of histamine in mast cells?
plays a role in allergic and inflammatory reactions
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What is the role of histamine in the CNS
plays an excitatory/inhibitory role to facilitate alertness
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What do do antihistamine drugs do?
- treat allergies
- cuase CNS depression (drowsiness)
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What are the characteristics of ionotropic NT and receptors? (ligand-gated receptors)
- Multimeric proteins
- form a pore on the cell membrane
- combine transmitter-binding and channel into 1 unit
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What are the characteristics of metabotropic NT and receptors? (G-protein-coupled receptors)
- opening or closing of ion channels depends on G-protein intermediates
- Monomeric
- Phosphorylating ion channels by protein kinases to open them
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