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The ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic fibers in the SNS is ______
1 : 20
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In the SNS, postganglionic fibers are ______ and usually release _________
long ; norepi
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In the PNS, preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are _______
long ; short
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In the PNS, the neurotransmitter released at the ganglia is _____ and the neurotransmitter released at the effector organ is _____
ACh ; ACh
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The ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic fibers in the PNS is _____
1 : 1
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In the SNS, the neurotransmitter released at the ganglia is _____
ACh
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What are the 3 principal functions of the ANS?
- -regulate the heart
- -regulate secretory glands
- -regulate smooth muscle
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How does the PNS regulate the heart?
slows it
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How does the PNS regulate gastic secretions?
increases
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How does the PNS regulate the bladder?
causes emptying
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How does the PNS regulate the eye?
BOTH miosis and accommodation
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How does the PNS regulate the bowel?
causes emptying
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How does the PNS regulate the lungs?
contracts bronchials
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What are the 3 main functions of the SNS?
- -regulate CV system
- -regulate body temp
- -implement "fight-or-flight" reactions
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How does the SNS regulate the heart?
increases heart rate and BP
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How does the SNS regulate the lungs?
dilates the bronchi
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How does the SNS regulate the eye?
causes mydriasis
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During synaptic transmission, what are the 3 possible outcomes of receptor binding?
- -cause activation
- -block activation
- -enhance activation
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During synaptic transmission, in what 2 ways can the termination of transmission happen?
- -transmitter reuptake
- -transmitter degradation
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In the synapse during transmission, what is the final outcome of ACh and NE?
ACh is broken down by acetylcholinesterase into choline which is recycled back into ACh
NE can be reuptaken and reused or can go on to be broken down by COMT
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What kind of receptors do skeletal muscles have?
nicotinic
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What kind of receptors do sweat glands have?
muscarinic
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What kind of neurotransmitter does the preganglionic neuron of the PNS use?
ACh
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What kind of neurotransmitter does the preganglionic neuron of the SNS use?
ACh
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What kind of neurotransmitter does the postganglionic neuron of the PNS use?
ACh
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What kind of neurotransmitter does the postganglionic neuron of the SNS use?
NE
***UNLESS the effector organ is SWEAT GLANDS, then its ACh***
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What neurotransmitter does the adrenal medulla excrete?
Epi
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What type of receptors are in the ganglia of the PNS?
nicotinic
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What kinds of receptors are in the ganglia of the SNS?
nicotinic
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What is another name for a parasympathetic agent?
cholinergic
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What is another name for a sympathetic agent?
adrenergic
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A parasypathetic agonist could be called what other 3 terms?
- -parasympathomimetic
- -cholinergic agonist
- -muscarinic agonist
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A sympathetic antagonist could be called by what other 3 terms?
- -sympatholytic
- -adrenergic blocker/antagonist
- -alpha/beta blocker
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A parasympathetic antagonist could be called by what other 3 terms?
- -parasympatholytic
- -cholinergic antagonist/blocker
- -muscarinic blocker
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A sympathetic agonist could be called by what other 3 terms?
- -sympathomimetic
- -adrenergic agonist
- -alpha/beta agonist
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The term "cholinergic" refers to what?
the parasympathetic
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Nicotinic receptor respond to _________ and are _____________________
ACh ; ligand-gated ion channels
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When ACh activates a nicotinic receptor, what happens?
ligand-gated Na + abd K+ ion channels open and causes depolarization
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What happens when ACh activates a muscarinic receptor?
- *G-proteins activate leading to an incr. in IP3 and DAG
- OR
- *a decr. in adenyl cyclase activity
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Muscarinic receptors respond to _______ and are ______________________
ACh ; coupled to G-proteins
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What are the 3 types of cholinergic receptors?
- -nicotinic neuronal receptors
- -nicotinic muscle receptors
- -muscarinic receptors
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Physostigmine is a ______________ agent
cholinesterase inhibitor (reversible)
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What does Botulism toxin do?
prevents the release of ACh
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Muscarinic receptors are characterized by selective blockade by drugs like __________
atropine
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What would a parasympatholytic do to the heart?
cause tachycardia
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In the cardiovascular system, ACh causes ____________ resulting in _______________
vasodilation ; decr. blood pressure
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What are the effects of ACh on the heart?
decr. heart rate and force of contractions
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What effects does ACh have on the GI tract?
incr. in tone and motility ; relaxation of sphincter (lol, sphincter)
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What effects does ACh have on the lungs?
bronchoconstiction
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What effects does ACh have on the bladder?
incr. in tone and motility ; sphincter relaxation
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How does ACh effect skeletal muscle tissue?
causes depolarization of the neuromuscular juntion and produces skeletal muscle contraction
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What is echothiophate?
an organophosphate (aka irreversible cholinesterase inhib.)
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What is neostigmine?
a reversible indirect-acting cholinesterase inhibitor
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What is methacholine?
a choline ester (like ACh) - methacholine
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What is carbochol?
a choline ester (like ACh) - carbochol
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What is bethanechol?
a choline ester (like ACh) -bethanechol
Also, the prototype muscarinic agonist
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What is cevimeline used for?
relief of xerostomia and dry eye
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What is pilocarpine?
a muscarinic agonist that acts centrally and peripherally b/c it is a tertiary amine
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Give 7 possible side effects of parasympathomimetics
1)flushing 2)GI cramps 3)bronchiole constriction 4)sweating 5)incr. saliva/glandular secretions 6)urinary urgency 7)decr. BP
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What is pralidoxime (aka 2-PAM)?
used in the treatment of cholinesteraes inhibitor toxicity
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What is Myasthenia gravis?
an autoimmune disorder where antibodies work against nicotinic receptors of skeletal muscle
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