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Cardiovascular
Anatomy
- Heart
- Artery
- Veins
- Capillaries
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Cardiovascular
Purpose
Transport Nutritients and oxygen throughout the entire body
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Cardiocascular
Normal Heart Rate
- Dog = 70 - 120 bpm
- Puppy = up to 220
- Toy breed = up to 180bpm
Cat= 120-240bpm
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Cardiovascular
Pathologic symptoms
- Coughing
- Dyspnea and wheezing
- Pulse deficits
- Heart Murmurs based on a scale of 1-6
- 1. Very soft murmur, occasionally hear it
- 6. loud with cardiac thrill- can see heart without stethoscope
- Ascites- edema
- Syncope- Fainting
- Exercise intolerance
- Jugular pulse
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Cardiovascular
Terminology
- Dyspnea- Difficulty Breathing
- Tachycardia- abnormally high heart rate
- Arrhythmic- Abnormal heart rhythem
- Syncope- Fainting
- Tachypnic or panting- Fast and rapid breathing rate
- Cyanotic- Bluish discoloration, lack of oxygen
- 1. not circulation oxygen
- Ascites- Abdominal Effusion
- Pulse deficit- Heart rate does not match with pulse
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Cardiovascular
Diagnostic Tests
- Radiographs
- EKG
- Blood Pressure- Hypertension
- Ultrasound
- Blood Panel
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Cardiovascular
Diseases
CHF- Congestive Heart Failure
History
- Many signs normal until heart decomensates
- Coughing
- Wheezing
- Dyspnea
- Exercise Intolerance
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CardiovascularDiseases
CHF- Congestive Heart Failure
Etilogy
- Old Age animals
- Mitral valve regurgitation leads to heart enlargement
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CardiovascularDiseases
CHF- Congestive Heart Failure
Clinical Signs
- Heart Murmur
- Pulmonary Crackles and wheezes
- Pulse Deficits
- Jugular Distension
- Syncope
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CardiovascularDiseases
CHF- Congestive Heart Failure
Diagnostic tests
- Radiographs
- Cardiomegaly
- Pulmonary Edema
- Ascites
- Hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) and Slenomegaly (enlarged spleen)
- EKG
- Atrial and ventricular enlargement
- Arrythmia
- Ultrasound
- Contractility
- Doppler Flow
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CardiovascularDiseases
CHF- Congestive Heart Failure
Treatment
- Diuretics
- Reduce blood volume to heart, decreasing work load.
- Lasix
- 2-4 mg/kg IV q 2-6 hrs
- 1-4 mg/kg PO SID to TID
- Patient Na+ and K+uptake decreases thus H20 absorption decreases
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CardiovascularDiseases
CHF- Congestive Heart Failure
Treatment
Vasodialators
- Causes dialation of arterioles and veins
- Decrease blood pressure (systemic and pulmonary) to allow hear to pump blood through aorta (increase stroke volume)
- Hydralazine
- 0.5-2mg/kg PO BID
- Arterial dialator
- Nitroglycerin Ointment
- 1/4-1 inch strip q4-6hrs continuous
- Venodialator
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CardiovascularDiseases
CHF- Congestive Heart Failure
Treatment
Bronchodialators
- Theophylline
- 6-11mg/kg TID to QID
- IV, IM, PO
- Aminophylline
- 10mg/kg TID
- IV, IM, PO
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CardiovascularDiseases
CHF- Congestive Heart Failure
Treatment
Pimobendan
- Inodilator- both vasodilator and positive inotropic
- Used for mitral valve disease
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CardiovascularDiseases
CHF- Congestive Heart Failure
Treatment
Angiotensin
- Converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) Vasodilator
- Decreases ateriole tone to reduece systemic blood pressure and after load.
- Decreases aldosterone secretion so less secretion of sodium and water retention
- Captopril -0.5-2 mg/kg PO BID to TID
- Enalapril- 1.5mg/kg PO SID to BID
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CardiovascularDiseases
CHF- Congestive Heart Failure
Treatment
Positive Inotropes
- Increase heart contractions
- Causes increased heart myocardium muscle contractions
- Works at sodium- potassium- atpase pump of myocardium
- Digitalis glycosides- Digoxin
- Heart Failure
- Supraventricular tachycardia
- Side Effect- Tachycardia
- 0.005-0.01 mg/kg PO Bid
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CardiovascularDiseases
CHF- Congestive Heart Failure
Treatment
Antiarrythmics
- Must do an EKG before putting animal on any antiarrythmics!
- Slow or stop heart arrhythmias
- Lidocaine
- Ventricular arrhythmias
- 4mg/kg IV
- CRI: 40-80mg/kg/min IV
- Procainamide
- Ventricular arrhythmias
- 5-10mg/kg IV
- CRI: 20-50 mg/kg/min IV
- 5-15 mg/kg PO QID to TID
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Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Heart Muscle
Fatal disease, usually seen in larger dogs
- Myocardial wall functionally abnormal
- Dilated and thin ventricular and atrial walls of myocardium (dilated)
- Hypertrophic (very thick) cardiomyopathy
- Left centricular hypertrophy of myocardium with thickened muscle mass
- Less common in dogs
- Similar diagnositc tests and treatments
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Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Heart Muscle
Fatal disease, usually seen in larger dogs
Etiology
- Unknown
- Possible carnatine and taurine deficiency
- Seen in Boxers and cockers
- Congenital
- Breeds: cocker spaniels, boxers, great Danes, Doberman Pinchers, wolfhounds, and Newfoundland
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Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Heart Muscle
Fatal disease, usually seen in larger dogs
Clinical Signs and History
- Coughing
- Dyspnea
- Syncope and weakness
- Arrythmias
- Ascites
- Can occur 6 months to 15 years
- Murmur- most do not have a murmur
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Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Heart Muscle
Fatal disease, usually seen in larger dogs
Diagnostic tests
- Radiographs
- Cardiomegaly
- Ascites, pulmonary edema
- Plueral effusion(excessive amounts of fluid around the chest and lungs)
- EKG
- Arrhythmeias
- PVC's
- Cardia Ultrasound
- Definitive diagnosis
- Dilates or hypertrophic ventricular or atrial walls
- Blood Panel- checking kidney function
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Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Heart Muscle
Fatal disease, usually seen in larger dogs
Treatment
- Based on clinical signs and problems
- Thoracocentesis of pleural effusion
- Diuretics
- Ascites, pulmonary edema
- Digoxin
- Positive inotrope
- Enalapril- (ACEI)
- Antiarrhythmic therapy
- Lidocaine
- Procainamide
- Taurine or corrective therapy
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Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Heart Muscle
Fatal disease, usually seen in larger dogs
Long term prognosis
Poor- 6 months to 1 year
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Cardiovascular
Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Most common form
Dilated Cardiomyopathy is less common and may be associated with Taurine Deficiency
- Etiology
- Unknown
- Possible Taurine deficiency
- Occurs most common in purebred cats
- Persians, Himalayan, Main Coons, etc.
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Cardiovascular
Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Most common form
Clinical signs
- Dyspnea
- Coughing
- Wheezing
- Ascites
- Murmur
- Arrhythmias (gallops)
- Hindleg paralysis (from blood Clot)
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Cardiovascular
Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Most common form
Diagnositc Tests
- Radiographs
- EKG
- Ultrasound
- Blood Panel
- Many times shows hyperthyroid
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Cardiovascular
Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Most common form
Treatment
- Diuretics
- 1. Lasix
- 2. Pulmonary edema
- 3. Ascites
- Beta Blockers( to slow down heart)
- 1. Propranolol
- 2. Atenolol
- Specific Beta 1 blocker
- 3. Slows tachycardia and out flow problems
- Calcium Channel Blockers
- 1. Diltiazem- slows muscle contraction
- ACEI
- 1. Enalapril
- Thromboemboli- Saddle Thrombus
- 1. Aspirin
- 25mg/kg POq 72 hours
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Cardiovascular
Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Most common form
Prognosis
- Poor long term
- 4months - 1 year
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Respiratory system
Anatomy
- Upper respiratory
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
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Respiratory system
Purpose
- Oxygen and CO2 exchange
- Protective barrier
- Mucous and ciliated cells filters the air
- Thermoregulation
- Warms air
- Panting to dissipate heat
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Respiratory system
Terminology
- Epistaxis- Bleeding from nostrils
- Tachypnic- rapid and fast breathing
- Stridor- Harsh inspiratory respiratory sound
- Dyspnea- Dificult breathing
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Respiratory System
Pathologic Symptoms
- Sneezing
- Coughing
- Gagging
- Ocular or nasal discharge
- Epistaxis
- Dyspnea
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Repiratory system
Diagnostic Tests
- Rhinoscopy
- Otoscope Exam
- Rhinoscopy fiber optic endoscopy
- Radiographs
- Cultures
- Cytology and tissue biopsy
- Blood Panel
- Tracheal Wash
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Respiratory system
Diseases
Upper respiratory Infection
Clinical signs and History
- Sneezing
- Coughing
- Ocular or nasal discharge
- Febrile
- anorexia
- Lethargic
- Inspiratory wheezing
- stridor
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Respiratory system
Diseases
Upper respiratory Infection
Etiology
- Infections
- Viral
- Bacterial
- Mycoplasma
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Respiratory system
Diseases
Upper respiratory Infection
Diagnostic Tests
- Radiographs- of the lungs
- Blood Panel
- Cultures
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Respiratory system
Diseases
Upper respiratory Infection
Treatment
- Antibiotics for secondary
- Eye Ointments
- Fluid therapy
- In extremely ill patients
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Respiratory system
Diseases
Collapsing Trachea- congenital malformation
Clinical Signs and History
- Coughing when excited
- Goose honk sound of cough
- Coughing during tracheal palpation
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Respiratory system
Diseases
Collapsing Trachea- congenital malformation
Etiology
- Collapsing of trachea rings during inhalation
- Weakened tracheal rings due to congenital cartilage
- deficit
- Weakened tracheal muscle
- Congenital
- Breeds
- Yorkshire Terrior, Pomeranians, Poodle, Chihuahua
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Respiratory system
Diseases
Collapsing Trachea- congenital malformation
Diagnostic Tests
- Radiographs
- Narrow Trachea
- Fluoroscopy
- Endoscopy- putting the tube down the trachea
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Respiratory system
Diseases
Collapsing Trachea- congenital malformation
Treatment
- Medical Management- Usually first step
- Surgery not successful
- Control anxiety and excitment
- Behavior discipline
- Keep cool
- Body Clip
- Air conditioning
- Acepromazine
- 0.05-2.0mg/kg PO Bid
- Walk on Harness
- No Choker chain or leash around neck
- Corticosteroid
- Decreases tracheal inflammation
- Dex Po4 (Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate)
- 1-2mg/kg IV BID
- Pregnisone
- 0.5-1mg/kg PO SID to BID
- Bronchidialators
- Aminophylline
- Theophylline
- Terbutaline
- Albuterol
- Antiboitics
- Cough Suppresents
- Hycodan
- Torbutrol
- Surgery Tracheal Stunt
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Respiratory system
Diseases
Brachycephalic Syndrome because of the shape of their head, muzzle and throat
History
- Sneezing
- Wheezing
- Panting
- Snoring
- Respiratory Distress
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Respiratory system
Diseases
Brachycephalic Syndrome
Clinical Signs
- Stenotic Nares- narrow nostrils
- Elongated soft palate
- Collapsing trachea
- Hypoplastic trachea-congenital, abnormal growth of the rings of cartilage that make up the trachea
- Laryngeal mucous edema
- Everted Laryngeal saccules
- Breeds
- English Bull Dog, Boston Terrier, Pugs, Shih-Tzu, Lhasa Apso, Pekingese
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Respiratory system
Diseases
Brachycephalic Syndrome
Diagnostic Tests
- Physical exam
- Radiographs
- Sedation for examination of oral cavity
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Respiratory system
Diseases
Brachycephalic Syndrome
Treatment
- Medical Management
- Corticosteroid
- Brochodiolators
- Surgery
- Tracheostomy tube
- Excise stenotic nare
- Laryngeal tie back
- Reduce elongated soft palate
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Doliocephalic
having a relatively long head
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Lower Respiratory System
Anatomy
- Bronchi, Bronchioles
- Alveoli- where gas exchange occurs
- Diaphragm
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Lower Respiratory System
Purpose
- 02 and Co2 exchange
- Acid Base regulation
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Lower Respiratory System
Pathologic Symptoms
- Coughing or gagging
- Dyspnea or tachypnea
- Cyanosis- blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucous
- Wheezing
- Excerise intolerance
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Lower Respiratory System
Diognostic Tests
- Auscultations
- Crackles and wheezes
- Radiographs
- Pneumonia
- Asthma
- Pleural Effusion
- Blood Panel
- Leukocytosis
- Tracheal Wash- Definite Test
- Infections
- Allergic
- Cancer
- Ultrasound
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Lower Respiratory System
Diseases
Chronic Bronchitis COPD
Clinical Signs and History
- Wheezing Cpughing
- Dyspnea
- Exercise Intolerance
- Wheezes or crackles on auscultation
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Lower Respiratory System
Diseases
Chronic Bronchitis COPD
Etiology
- Old Age
- Environment
- Smoke
- Dust
- Allergic
- Infections
- Unknown
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Lower Respiratory System
Diseases
Chronic Bronchitis COPD
Diagnostic Test
- Radiographs
- Peribronchial infiltration
- Allergic asthma- bronchiolar pattern
- Bronchoscopy- putting a scope down
- airway irregular shape
- Red mucosa and excessive mucous production
- Bronchi collaspe on expiration
- Tracheal wash
- Inflammation
- Neutrophils and Macrophages
- Asthma
- Allergic
- Eosinophil
- Culture sensitivity
- Bacteria
- Blood Panel
- Eosinophilia
- Parasites or allergic
- Allergy screen
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Lower Respiratory System
Diseases
Chronic Bronchitis COPD
Treatment- oxygen
- Corticosteroid
- Dex SP4
- Prednisolone
- Antibiotics
- Antitussives
- Hycodan
- 0.22 mg/kg PO SID to TID
- Torbutrol
- 0.05-0.1 mg/kg POor SQ SID to TID
- Bronchodialators
- Treophylline
- Albuterol
- Terbutaline
- cats
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Lower Respiratory System
Diseases
Pneumonia- (Bacterial infections )Inflammatory
Clinical Signs and History
- Fever
- Anorexia
- Lethargic
- Tachypnic
- Depression
- Couging and Wheezing
- Ocular or nasal discharge
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Lower Respiratory System
Diseases
Pneumonia- (Bacterial infections )Inflammatory
Etiology
- Infections
- Bacterial
- Viral
- Fungal
- Mycoplasma
- Systemic infection or URI (Upper Respiratory Infection)
- Immunosuppresion
- Penetrating wounds or migrating foreign body
- Foxtails, animal fights, pellet wound, etc.
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Lower Respiratory System
Diseases
Pneumonia- (Bacterial infections )Inflammatory
Diagnostic Tests
- Radiographs
- Intestinal infiltrations
- Bronchopnuemonia
- Cranial ventral pattern
- Blood panel
- Leukocytosis with a left shift
- Tracheal wash and culture
- Elevated WBC count and bacterial culture
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Lower Respiratory System
Diseases
Pneumonia- (Bacterial infections )Inflammatory
Treatment
- Antibiotics
- Type used depends of sensitivity to culture
- Continue on medications a minimum of 2 weeks after all clinical and radiographic signs have resolved - 4-8 weeks total
- Coupage chest and Nebulization
- Bronchodialators
- Fluids and oxygen if needed
- Doxycycline or Isoniuzil Rifumpin
- Mycoplasma (tuberculosis)
- Ketoconizole or Intraconazole
- Fungal pneumonia
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