A ECL 371

• Association (Descriptive)
• -Most Wildlife studies 
• -Watching, Mointering

• Experiments
• -Test Hypothesis
• -Controlled Setting

Make generalization based on an individual observation 

Ex: This Drake Mallard has a green head, so all drake Mallards have green heads

Move from general premises to specific conclusions

Ex: All vertebrates breath oxygen. A bluegill is a vertebrate, so bluegill breathe oxygen.

1. Design and Desired Inference

2. Sample Size and Power

3. Data Collection 

4. Data Analysis Methods 

5. Evaluation and Interpretation 

6. Speculation/ New Hypothesis

1. Simple Random 

2. Systematic 

3. Stratified Random (by habitat)

4. Cluster 

5. Adaptive 

6. Sequential

• -Bias - on or off the target
• -Precision - points grouped or ungrouped 

1. Unbiased and Precise = Accurate

2. Unbiased but Not Precise = Not Accurate 

3. Biased and Precise = Not Accurate 

4. Biased and Not Precise = Not Accurate

Null Hypothesis True-Reject Null Hypothesis = Type I Error

Null Hypothesis True-Fail to Reject Hypothesis = Correct

Null Hypothesis False-Reject Null Hypothesis = Correct 

Null Hypothesis False-Fail to Reject Hypothesis = Type II Error

1. Field Studies 

2. Natural Experiments 

3. Field Experiments 

4. Laboratory Experiments

• 5. Integrated Research Process
•       -Combination of above

• - Regression and Linear Models 
• - Model Building 
• - Bayesian Statistics