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Hypothesis
Idea or principle to be tested in experiments
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Experiment
Series of tests of a hypothesis; a controlled experiment eliminates biases or outside influences
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Theory
A hypothesis that has been proved by experiments to have a high degree of confidence
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Law
A theory that has a unusually high level of confidence
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Anatomy
Science of the normal structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts
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Gross Anatomy
Study of the body and its parts using only the naked eye
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Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
The study of the body parts using a microscope
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Cytology
The study of cells
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Histology
The study of tissues
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Developmental anatomy
Study of human growth and development
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Pathological anatomy
Study of diseased body structures
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Systemic anatomy
Study of the body by systems
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Physiology
Science of the normal functions of organisms
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Autopoiesis
Living organisms are self-organized and self maintaining
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Cell Theory
If it is made of one ore more cells, it is alive
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Characteristics of Life
- Responsiveness
- Conductivity
- Growth
- Respiration
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Secretion
- Excretion
- Circulation
- Reproduction
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Metabolism
Sum of all physical and chemical reactions occurring in the living body
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Level of Organization
- Chemical
- Organelle
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
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What allows the cell to live?
The organelles
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Cells
The smallest and most numerous units that possess and exhibit characteristics of life
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Tissue
An organization of similar cells specialized to perform a certain function
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Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body in the anatomical position
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Contralateral
Structures on opposite sides of the body in anatomical position
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Ventral Body Cavity
- Thoracic Cavity
- Abdominopelvic Cavity
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Thoracic Cavity
- Pleural Cavities
- Mediastinum
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Dorsal Body Cavity
- Cranial Cavity
- Spinal Cavity
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Appendicular Region
Upper and Lower extremities
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Abdominal Regions
- Right hypocondriac
- epigastric
- left hypochondriac
- right lumbar
- umbilical
- left lumbar
- right iliac
- hypogastric
- left iliac
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Endomorphe
- Heavy, rounded physique with accumulation of fat
- Apple-shaped- more fat in wais than hip
- Pear-shaped- more fat in hips than waist
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Mesomorph
Muscular physique
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Ectomorph
Very thin with little fat
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Homeostasis
The relative constant states maintained by the body- internal environment around body cells remain constant
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Examples of Homeostasis
- Temperature regulation
- Regulation of blood CO2
- Regulation of blood glucose
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
- Sensor Mechanism
- Integrating or control centers
- Effector Mechanism
- Feedback
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Sensor Mechanism
Specific sensors detect and react to any changes from normal
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Integrating or control centers
Information is analyzed and integrated and then if needed a specific action is initiated
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Effector Mechanism
Effectors directly influence controlled physiological variables
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Feedback
Process of information about a variable constantly flowing back from the sensor to the integrator
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Negative Feedback
- Inhibitory
- Stabilize physiological variables
- Produce and action to change that activated system
- Responsible for maintaining homeostasis
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Positive Feedback
- Stimulatory
- Amplify or reinforce a change that is occurring
- Tend to disrupt homeostasis
- Ex: Uterine contractions or sneezing
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Intracellular control
Regulates within the cells
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Intrinsic controls
- Regulates within tissues or organs
- May involve chemical signals
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Extrinsic controls
- Regulation from organ to organ
- May involve nerve signals
- May involve endocrine signals
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Atrophy
Term used to describe wasting effects of advanced aging.
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