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What is Classical Conditioning?
A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli.
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What is Unconditional Stimulus (US)?
A stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response.
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What is Unconditioned Response (UR)
An innate reflex response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.
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What is Neutral Stimulus (NS)?
A stimulus that does not evoke a response.
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What is a Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?
A stimulus that evokes a response because it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
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What is Conditioned Response (CR)?
A learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus.
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What is Conditioned Emontional Response (CER)?
An emotional response that has been linked to a previously nonemotional stimulus by classical conditioning.
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How is Operant Conditioning acquired?
Many studies of operate conditioning in animals make use of an operate conditioning chamber.
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How is Operant Conditioning extinguished?
Through operate extinction, learned responses that are not reinforced fade away gradually.
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What is the concept of Shaping?
The gradually molding responses to a final desired pattern.
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What is Learning?
Any relatively permanent change in behavior that can be attributed to experience.
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What is Associative Learning?
The formation of simple associations between various stimuli and responses.
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What is Reforcement?
Any event that increases the probability that a particular response will occur.
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What is Acquistion?
The period in conditioning during which a response is reinforced.
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What is Extinction?
The weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement.
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What is (Stimulus) Generalization?
The tendency to response to stimuli similar to, but not identical to, a conditioned stimulus.
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What is (Stimulus) Discrimination?
The learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli.
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What is a Response?
A verbal or written anwser.
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What is the concept of Spontaneous Recovery?
The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.
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What is a Reflex?
An innate, automatic response to a stimulus; for example, an eye blink.
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What is the concept of Negative Attention-Seeking?
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What is the effects of Reward?
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What is the concept of Positive Reinforcement?
Occurs when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event.
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What is the concept of Negative Reinforcement?
Occurs when a response is followed by an end to discomfort by the removal of an unpleasant event.
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What is the concept of punishment?
Punishment refers to following a response with aversive (unpleasent) consequence.
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What is Continuous Reinforcement?
A schedule in which every correct reponse is followed by a reinforcer.
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What is Partial Reinforcement?
A pattern in which only a portion of all responses are reinforced.
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What is Fixed Ratio(FR) (Schedule)?
A set of number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer. For example, a reinforcer is given for every four correct responses.
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What is Fixed Interval(FI) (Schedule)?
A reinforcer is given only when a correct response is made after a set amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response. Responses made during the time inveral are not reinforced.
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What is Variable Ratio(VR) (Schedule)?
A varied number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer. For example, a reinforcer is given after three to seven correct responses; the actual number changes randomly.
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What is Variable Interval(VI) (Schedule)?
A reinforcer is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response. Responses made during the time interval are not reinforced.
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What is Primary Reinforcers?
Nonlearned reinforcers; usually those that satisfy physiological needs.
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What is Secondary Reinforcers?
A learned reinforcers; often one that gains reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer.
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What is Token Reinforcer?
A tangible secondary reinforcer such as money, gold stars, poker chips, and the like.
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What are uses of Token Reinforcers?
A major advantage of tokens is that they don't lose reinforcing vaule as quickly as primary reinforcers do. Tokens greatly reduce discipline problems with younger childern.
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What are the characteristics of effective feedback?
Feedback is most effective when it is frequent, immediate, and detailed.
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What is the concept of "molding" others' behaviors as studied by Bandura?
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What is Discovery Learning?
Learning based on insight and understanding.
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What are the conclusion of studies of aggression regarding TV violence, physical punishment, and molding?
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What is punishment?
Any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occuring again.
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What is Response Cost?
Removal of a positive reinforcer after a response is made.
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What are the drawbacks to punishment?
Negative event begins. Escape & Avoidance and Aggression.
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What is the concept of Supersitious Behavior?
A behavior that is repeated because it appears to produce reinforcement, even though it is actually unnecessary.
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What is the concept of Escape Learning?
Escape learning simply reflects the operation of negative reinforcement.
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What is the concept of Avoidance Learning?
Avoidance learning appears to involve both classical and operant conditioning. Once Avoidance is learned, it is very persitent.
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