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Villanovans
People of the first Iron Age culture in Italy (1000-800 BC), which was based in the north. They made iron tools and weapons and placed the ashes of their dead in large urns.
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Phoenicians
- Around 800 BC, they arrived in the west, first as traders and then as colonists
- known as the best and must ruthless seafarers of antiquity.
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Carthage
- located on the the north coast of Africa
- independent cityl the center of expanding Phoenixian presense in the western Mediterranean
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Etruscans
Peoples native to Italy who influenced the formation of the Roman state.
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Livy
Roman historian (59 BC - 17 AD) claims that when Tullia was the first person to adcknowledge her husband as king, he was so shocked by this political action that he sent her home.
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Cumae
Early colony, began as a trading post
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Romulus and Remus
- Twin sons of the war god Mars and a Latin Princess
- said to be the origins of Rome
- according to legend they were thrown into the Tiber River, and they were raised by a she-wolf
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The Alban League
Loose confederation of Latin villages for military and religious purposes
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Plebs
Families not organized into gentes, or clans, in early Roman society. The lower classes
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Patricians
leaders of the gentes, or clans, in early Roman society
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Clients
Free men who depended on the protection of a more powerful individual or family and who owed various services, including political support, in return for protection.
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The Senate
More powerful although less fomral was the role of the Senate (assembly of elders), which was coposed of heads of families.
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Latium
a marshy region punctured by hills on which a sparse population could find protection from disease and enemies
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Tarquin the Elder
Rome king that used the city's location on the Tiber ford as a strategic position from which to control Latium to the south.
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Servius Tullius
Rome king that used the city's location on the Tiber ford as a strategic position from which to control Latium to the south.
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Latifundia
The vast rural estates of the Roman patricians which were worked by slaves or free but dependents tenant farmers
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Centurions
centuriate - military unit
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Imperium
The powers conferred on magistrates by the Roman people; the supreme power to command, to execute the law, and to impose the death penalty
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Consuls
successful magistrates rose through a series of increasingly important offices to the position of consul
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Censors
assigned individuals their places in society, determined the amount of their taxes, filled vacancies in the Senate, and negotiated contracts for public construction projects
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Tribunes
magistrates elected by the Council of the Plebs
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The Struggle of the Orders
conflict between the plebeians and the patricians that threatened to tear Roman society apart
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The Law of the Twelve Tables
codification of basic Roman law, which recognized the basic rights of all free citizens.
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The Punic Wars
- Three wars between Rome and Carthage
- First Punic War - 265-241 BC
- Second Punic War
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Hamilcar Barca
Carthaginian commander, surrendered to Rome because Rome could build more fleets than Carthage
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Hannibal
- Carthage ruler provoked the Second Punic War
- Marched from Spain along Mediterranean coast and across the Alps on elephants
- Won battles, but could not hold onto the cities that were captured
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Scipio the Elder
- Publius Cornelius Scipio
- Roman commander that forced Hannibal out of Italy by attacking Carthage in Africa instead of defending Italy
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Cato the Elder
- Marcus Porcius Cato
- Roman censor who wanted Carthage detroyed
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Paterfamilias
The male head of household in the Roman family. His power was absolute, including the power of life and death.
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Timaeus
- Greek historian, first one to focus on Rome
- wrote a history of Rome up to the Pyrrhic War
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Equestrian
In the early Roman Republic, the equestrians were one of the richest classes in the Roman army, those who could afford to maintain a horse. By the late republic, their role expanded into banking and commerce
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