Western Civ Ch 4

People of  the first Iron Age culture in Italy (1000-800 BC), which was based in the north.  They made iron tools and weapons and placed the ashes of their dead in large urns.

• Around 800 BC, they arrived in the west, first as traders and then as colonists
• known as the best and must ruthless seafarers of antiquity.

• located on the the north coast of Africa
• independent cityl the center of expanding Phoenixian presense in the western Mediterranean

Peoples native to Italy who influenced the formation of the Roman state.

Roman historian (59 BC - 17 AD) claims that when Tullia was the first person to adcknowledge her husband as king, he was so shocked by this political action that he sent her home.

Early colony, began as a trading post

• Twin sons of the war god Mars and a Latin Princess
• said to be the origins of Rome
• according to legend they were thrown into the Tiber River, and they were raised by a she-wolf

Loose confederation of Latin villages for military and religious purposes

Families not organized into gentes, or clans, in early Roman society.  The lower classes

leaders of the gentes, or clans, in early Roman society

Free men who depended on the protection of a more powerful individual or family and who owed various services, including political support, in return for protection.

More powerful although less fomral was the role of the Senate (assembly of elders), which was coposed of heads of families.

a marshy region punctured by hills on which a sparse population could find protection from disease and enemies

Rome king that used the city's location on the Tiber ford as a strategic position from which to control Latium to the south.

Rome king that used the city's location on the Tiber ford as a strategic position from which to control Latium to the south.

The vast rural estates of the Roman patricians which were worked by slaves or free but dependents tenant farmers

centuriate - military unit

The powers conferred on magistrates by the Roman people; the supreme power to command, to execute the law, and to impose the death penalty

successful magistrates rose through a series of increasingly important offices to the position of consul

assigned individuals their places in society, determined the amount of their taxes, filled vacancies in the Senate, and negotiated contracts for public construction projects

magistrates elected by the Council of the Plebs

conflict between the plebeians and the patricians that threatened to tear Roman society apart

codification of basic Roman law, which recognized the basic rights of all free citizens.

• Three wars between Rome and Carthage
• First  Punic War - 265-241 BC
• Second Punic War 

Carthaginian commander, surrendered to Rome because Rome could build more fleets than Carthage

• Carthage ruler provoked the Second Punic War
• Marched from Spain along Mediterranean coast and across the Alps on elephants
• Won battles, but could not hold onto the cities that were captured

• Publius Cornelius Scipio
• Roman commander that forced Hannibal out of Italy by attacking Carthage in Africa instead of defending Italy

• Marcus Porcius Cato
• Roman censor who wanted Carthage detroyed

The male head of household in the Roman family.  His power was absolute, including the power of life and death.

• Greek historian, first one to focus on Rome
• wrote a history of Rome up to the Pyrrhic War

Roman playwright

In the early Roman Republic, the equestrians were one of the richest classes in the Roman army, those who could afford to maintain a horse.  By the late republic, their role expanded into banking and commerce