Exercise Physiology

American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

• American society of exercise physiologists (ASEP)
• AAHPERD
• AMA-American Medical Association
• Association for Fitness in Business
• NSCA
• IDEA
• ACE
• NASM
• IFPA

• Health Fitness Certifications
• Clinical Certifications
• Specialty Certifications

Study of human movement

how body responds and adapts to exercise

Motor learning: how to learn psychomotor skills (muscle memory)

Motor Development: growth and development

study of functions of the body

teaching kids

• Acute: adjusts-a single bout of exercise
• Chronic: adapts-training (repeated bouts of exercise)

No

• F-frequency
• I-intensity
• T-time
• T-type

• Moderate to brisk activity-2.5 hr/wk OR
• Intense aerobic activity-1.25hr/wk PLUS
• strength training-2d/wk (8-10 exercises, 8-10 reps)

Gladiator's physician

• Studied energy metabolism
• First studies on runners

Developed methods to measure oxygen use during exercise

• Lawrence J. Henderson
• Directed by David Bruce Dill

focused on the physiology of human movement and the effects of environmental stress on exercise.

Spawned labs all over the world

published important early research on carbohydrate and fat metabolism

Conducted studies on physical fitness and endurance capacity

reintroduced biopsy needle to study human muscle biochemistry (used for fiber typing)

russian immigrant who studied at the HFL

• studied physical activity as far as health promotion
• University of Illinois

exercise

• HR and ECG
• Breathing Rate
• Skin and core temp.
• EMG (muscle)
• VO2 (volume of O2 consumed, how much O2 expired, how much CO2 expired, concentration of O2)

• ambient temperature
• RH (humidity)
• altitude
• noise
• circadian rhythms
• menstrual cycle
• food intake
• sleep patterns

• measure of work
• Cycle
• -mechanical friction
• -electrical resistance
• treadmill
• arm
• rowing and kayak
• swimming

• cross-sectional: examines many subjects at one period of time
• longitudinal: examines by studying over time (most prefered, but not most accurate)

• skeletal: striated and voluntary
• cardiac: striated and controls itself
• smooth: not striated and involuntary

myofibril - muscle fiber - endomysium - bundles of fibers (fasciculi) - perimysium - muscle - epimysium

cell membrane; fuses with tendon, conducts action potential, maintains pH, transports nutrients

connect muscle to bone

• Motor (efferent): 60%
• Sensory (afferent): 40%

• sarcoplasm
• transverse tubules
• sarcoplasmic reticulum

sarcomere: myosin (thick) and actin (thin)

• I band: light area (actin) only
• A band: dark area consisting of both actin and myosin
• Z line: middle of I band- boundaries of sarcomeres
• M line: line down the middle of a sarcomere
• H zone: all thick (myosin)

• nebulin
• titin

sarcoplasmic reticulum: network of tubules and vesicles that store calcium

• troponin: spherical molecules that calcium attaches to
• tropomyosin: thin strands that loop

• 1. Rest: ATP bound to cross-bridges, tropomyosin covers active site
• 2. Excitation-Coupling: impulse reaches nerve, ACh released down T-tubules, Calcium released from SR, calcium bound to troponin moving tropomyosin off active site, coupling of actin and myosin
• 3. Contraction: ATP converted to ADP, phosphate, and energy, causing contraction of myosin head
• 4. Recharging: repetition of contraction and breaking of myosin head with active sites
• 5. Relaxation: Calcium actively pumped out and muscle returns to normal length.

• Concentric: flexion
• Isometric (static): unchanged
• Eccentric: extension of muscle, more force produced

• 20% greather than resting length (30%) = 50%
• Also, the faster the velocity of a lever arm, the lower the force

• alphamotor nueron and all the fibers it innovates.
• one nerve innovates a certain number of muscle fibers and all trigger at the same time

• type I slow twitch: red, <300 fibers
• type II fast twitch: white >300 fibers
• IIa: oxidative-glycolytic
• IIx: glycolytic, fastest
• IIc: unclassified, small %

small motor units are recruited first, type I first

• hypertrophy: growing of muscle cells, more common
• hyperplasia: splitting of muscle cells, less common

• cause the muscle to contract when stretched
• ex. when patellar tendon hit, muscle and muscle spindle stretch, sending impulses to the CNS, which causes fibers to contract
• ex. when a book is placed on the hand, muscle spindle feels pressure, and so the muscles contract to lift book up

• proprioceptors embedded in tendons that are sensitive to tension and fulfill a protective function.
• ex. arm wrestling, when a strain is found, the muscle relaxes and you lose.  Also causes contraction of antagonist a lot of the time

• muscle spindle: facilitory-causes contraction
• GTO: inhibitory-causes relaxation