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What is the big organization for Exercise Physiologists?
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)
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Name three organizations for exercise physiologists other than ACSM
- American society of exercise physiologists (ASEP)
- AAHPERD
- AMA-American Medical Association
- Association for Fitness in Business
- NSCA
- IDEA
- ACE
- NASM
- IFPA
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What are the three classifications of certification programs?
- Health Fitness Certifications
- Clinical Certifications
- Specialty Certifications
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What is kinesiology?
Study of human movement
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define exercise physiology
how body responds and adapts to exercise
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What is the difference between motor learning and motor development?
Motor learning: how to learn psychomotor skills (muscle memory)
Motor Development: growth and development
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What is biomechanics?
study of functions of the body
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what is pedagogy?
teaching kids
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What's the difference between acute and chronic?
- Acute: adjusts-a single bout of exercise
- Chronic: adapts-training (repeated bouts of exercise)
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Is is required to have an MS or PhD to be an exercise physiologist?
No
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What does FITT stand for?
- F-frequency
- I-intensity
- T-time
- T-type
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What are the 2007 recommendations to improve and maintain health for healthy adults?
- Moderate to brisk activity-2.5 hr/wk OR
- Intense aerobic activity-1.25hr/wk PLUS
- strength training-2d/wk (8-10 exercises, 8-10 reps)
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Who's Claudius Galen?
Gladiator's physician
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Who's Archibald Hill?
- Studied energy metabolism
- First studies on runners
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Who's John S. Haldane?
Developed methods to measure oxygen use during exercise
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Who founded the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory?
- Lawrence J. Henderson
- Directed by David Bruce Dill
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What was the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory famous for?
focused on the physiology of human movement and the effects of environmental stress on exercise.
Spawned labs all over the world
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Who is Erik Hohwu-Christensen?
published important early research on carbohydrate and fat metabolism
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who is Per-Olof Astrand?
Conducted studies on physical fitness and endurance capacity
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Who is Janas Bergstrom?
reintroduced biopsy needle to study human muscle biochemistry (used for fiber typing)
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Who's Peter karpovich?
russian immigrant who studied at the HFL
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Who's Thomas K Cureton?
- studied physical activity as far as health promotion
- University of Illinois
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What is the primary changable risk factor for CAD?
exercise
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What are things that can be used to monitor exercise during testing?
- HR and ECG
- Breathing Rate
- Skin and core temp.
- EMG (muscle)
- VO2 (volume of O2 consumed, how much O2 expired, how much CO2 expired, concentration of O2)
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What are some examples of controls in testing?
- ambient temperature
- RH (humidity)
- altitude
- noise
- circadian rhythms
- menstrual cycle
- food intake
- sleep patterns
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What is an ergometer and what are the types?
- measure of work
- Cycle
- -mechanical friction
- -electrical resistance
- treadmill
- arm
- rowing and kayak
- swimming
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What is the difference between cross sectional and longitudinal research?
- cross-sectional: examines many subjects at one period of time
- longitudinal: examines by studying over time (most prefered, but not most accurate)
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What are the three types of muscle and which are striated?
- skeletal: striated and voluntary
- cardiac: striated and controls itself
- smooth: not striated and involuntary
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What is the structure of a muscle, inclusing the connective tissue (CNT) from deep to superficial?
myofibril - muscle fiber - endomysium - bundles of fibers (fasciculi) - perimysium - muscle - epimysium
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What is the plasmalemma?
cell membrane; fuses with tendon, conducts action potential, maintains pH, transports nutrients
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What are tendons?
connect muscle to bone
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What are the two types of nerves and what percentage of each are in the muscle?
- Motor (efferent): 60%
- Sensory (afferent): 40%
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What is included in the macrostructure of the muscle?
- sarcoplasm
- transverse tubules
- sarcoplasmic reticulum
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What is a contractile unit of a muscle called and what is included?
sarcomere: myosin (thick) and actin (thin)
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What are the "bands" and "lines" associated with a myofibril?
- I band: light area (actin) only
- A band: dark area consisting of both actin and myosin
- Z line: middle of I band- boundaries of sarcomeres
- M line: line down the middle of a sarcomere
- H zone: all thick (myosin)
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What other minimal names are associated with a sarcomere?
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What is the SR?
sarcoplasmic reticulum: network of tubules and vesicles that store calcium
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What two proteins are associated with actin?
- troponin: spherical molecules that calcium attaches to
- tropomyosin: thin strands that loop
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What are the five steps in the muscular contraction process?
- 1. Rest: ATP bound to cross-bridges, tropomyosin covers active site
- 2. Excitation-Coupling: impulse reaches nerve, ACh released down T-tubules, Calcium released from SR, calcium bound to troponin moving tropomyosin off active site, coupling of actin and myosin
- 3. Contraction: ATP converted to ADP, phosphate, and energy, causing contraction of myosin head
- 4. Recharging: repetition of contraction and breaking of myosin head with active sites
- 5. Relaxation: Calcium actively pumped out and muscle returns to normal length.
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What are the three types of muscular contractions?
- Concentric: flexion
- Isometric (static): unchanged
- Eccentric: extension of muscle, more force produced
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When is the force greatest in contraction of a muscle?
- 20% greather than resting length (30%) = 50%
- Also, the faster the velocity of a lever arm, the lower the force
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What is a motor unit?
- alphamotor nueron and all the fibers it innovates.
- one nerve innovates a certain number of muscle fibers and all trigger at the same time
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What are the two types of twitch fibers in a muscle?
- type I slow twitch: red, <300 fibers
- type II fast twitch: white >300 fibers
- IIa: oxidative-glycolytic
- IIx: glycolytic, fastest
- IIc: unclassified, small %
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What is the size principle in association with muscle fibers?
small motor units are recruited first, type I first
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Is hypertrophy or hyperplasia more common in humans? define both
- hypertrophy: growing of muscle cells, more common
- hyperplasia: splitting of muscle cells, less common
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What is the idea behind muscle spindles?
- cause the muscle to contract when stretched
- ex. when patellar tendon hit, muscle and muscle spindle stretch, sending impulses to the CNS, which causes fibers to contract
- ex. when a book is placed on the hand, muscle spindle feels pressure, and so the muscles contract to lift book up
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What is the idea behind the Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)?
- proprioceptors embedded in tendons that are sensitive to tension and fulfill a protective function.
- ex. arm wrestling, when a strain is found, the muscle relaxes and you lose. Also causes contraction of antagonist a lot of the time
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What is the difference between a muscle spindle and the golgi tendon organs?
- muscle spindle: facilitory-causes contraction
- GTO: inhibitory-causes relaxation
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