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Eukaryotic Cell V.S Prokaryotic
- Location of DNA is different
- Eukaryotic -> DNA in nucleus
- -Larger in size -> Metabolism
- Prokaryotic -> DNA in nucleoid
- - not membrane -enclosed
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Cytoplasm
- Gel like substance between nucleus and plasma membrane
- holds all cell's internal organelles outside the nucleus
- All contents of prokaryotic(lack nucleus) are hold in cytoplasm
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Cytosol
Semifluid, jellylike substance inside all cells, subcellular components are suspended
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Plasma membrane
- selective barrier that bounds cell
- allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients and waste to service the entire celllimit amount of substance passage
- surface area: volume -> critical
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Nucleus
- organelle which bounded by double membrane
- Nuclear envelope
- nucleolus
- Chromatin
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Nuclear envelope
- seperate contens from cytoplasm
- double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous with ER
- nuclear pores -> pore complex -> regular the entry & exit of protein, RNA, oter macromolecules
- nuclear lamina - netlike array of proteins flamonts maintains shape of nucleus
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Nucleolus
- Nonmembranous structure involved in productions of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli
- contains most of the genes in eukaryotic cell. Some at mitochondria & chloroplast
- rRNA(ribosomes) synthesized here
- proteins +rRNA = submits of ribosomes
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Chromatin
material consisting of DNA and proteinsl visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes
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Chromosomes
- make up by Chromotin
- carry genetic inf. in form of DNA
- human has 46 chromosomes and 23 sex cells
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Ribosomes
- Tiny complexes that make proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope
- make proteins in two cytoplasic
- - free ribisomes - suspended in cytosol -> make most of the proteins
- - bound ribosomes - make proteins for insertion into membrane or for export from cell
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Endomembrane System
- nuclear envelope, ER,Golgi apparatus, lysomes, vesicle, plasma membrane
- synthesis of proteins, transport protein into membrane and organelles or out of the cell
- metabolism
- movement of lipidsde
- toxacation of poisons
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- network of emembranous sacs tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes
- rough ER & smooth ER
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Smooth ER
- diverse metabolic process
- synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrate
- detoxification
- steroids
- store calcium
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Rough ER
- Proteins produced by ribosomes are attached
- Polypetides enter ER lumen -> glycoproteins(carbohydrates) -> ER membrane -> transport vesicles
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Golgi apparatus
- ER products are modified, receiving, storing, shipping, manufacturing
- consist of stacks of cisternae, flattened sacs
- receives and dispatched transport vesicles
- directionality w/ cis face(receiving vesicles) and trans face(dispatching vesicles)
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Lysosomes (Eukaryotic Only)
- membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules.work best in the acidic environment found in lysosomes.made by Rough ER
- phagocytosis - digistive process
- autophagy -recycle the cell’s own organic material
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vacuole
- large vesicle derived from ER & Golgi apparatus
- Food vacuole - formed by phagoeytosis
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Contractile vacuole
- pump out excessive water to maintain conventration ion and molecules
- carry out enzymative hydrolysis
- hold reserve of imporntant organic compounds, poisons, pigments
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Central vacuole
- cell sap, plant's main resporitory of inorganic ions.
- major role on growth of plant cells by absorbing water
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Mitochondria
- Chemical energy conversion, cellular respiration, metabolic process to generate ATP
- double membrane with phoslipids bilayers
- - outer = soft
- -inner = cristae infolds -> give membrane large surface area
- Two parts :
- - intermembrane space
- - mitochondiral matris -> contains enzymes, DNA,m Ribosomes. Catalyze step of celluar respiration
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Chloroplast
- 3 parts : intermembrane space, and below
- Thylakoids - another membranous system in form of flattend sac(granum)
- Stroma - fluid outside thykaloid, contains DNA and ribosoms, enzymes
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Perixisomes Oxidation
- Metabolic compartment bound by single membrane
- contains enzyme that remove hydrogen atoms
- use oxygen to break fatty acids , transfer to mitochodria as furl
- detoxify alchohol and harmful components
- Ex: glyxysomes
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Cytoskeletons
- Support and Motility
- network of fibers that organize structures and activities
- matin cell shapes
- work with motor proteins, plasma membrane to allow cells to move along fibers outside the cell
- 3 components:
- microtubules, microfilament, intermediate filament
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Microtubules
- Compression ressit, Tubli
- Move fluid over the surface of tissue
- Flagella ( force in same direction)
- Cillia( force on perpendicular direction)
- 9-2 mobile 9-0 not
- dynein movement -> cross link proteins -> yes= cilium bend. no + cilium glide
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Microfillaments (actin)
- cell motility of muscle cells
- cortex- give outer cytoplasmic layer of cell
- myosin - motor protein help "walk" along the actin filament
- pseudophodia - extend actin into microfilament networks, sol -> gel
- cytoplasmic streaming - circular flow of cytoplas
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Intermediate Filaments
- Permanent fixtures, disassemble and reassemble
- reinforce the shape of cell-> specific function
- make up nuclear lamina
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Cell Wall
- matin shape, prevent water leakage
- microfibris synthesized by an enzyme -> embedded in a matris of polysacharides
- primary cell wall
- middle lamella- thin sticky polysaccharides (pectin)
- secondary cell wall
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The Extracelluar Matrix (EMC) of animal cells
- glycoproteins and carbohydrates related molecules
- collage - most abundant glycoproteins in ECM, 40% of human proteins
- embeded in proteoflycens - protein with chains of carb.
- fubronectin bind integrins - > build into plasma membrane
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Animal Junctions
- Tight Juntions
- - plasma membrane are tightly pressed againts each other
- - prevent leakage of fluid
- Demosome
- - attach muscle cells, fastening together into strong sheets
- Gap Junctions
- -similar to plasma membrane
- - provide cytoplasmic channels
- - nessary for communication between cells,
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