Bio 2 Test

• Location of DNA is different
• Eukaryotic -> DNA in nucleus       
•       -Larger in size -> Metabolism
• Prokaryotic -> DNA in nucleoid    
•       - not membrane -enclosed

• Gel like substance between nucleus and plasma membrane
• holds all cell's internal organelles outside the nucleus
• All contents of prokaryotic(lack nucleus) are hold in cytoplasm

Semifluid, jellylike substance inside all cells, subcellular components are suspended

• selective barrier that bounds cell   
• allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients and waste to service the entire celllimit amount of substance passage 
• surface area: volume -> critical 

• organelle which bounded by double membrane
• Nuclear envelope
• nucleolus
• Chromatin

• seperate contens from cytoplasm
• double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous with ER
• nuclear pores -> pore complex -> regular the entry & exit of protein, RNA, oter macromolecules
• nuclear lamina - netlike array of proteins flamonts maintains shape of nucleus

• Nonmembranous structure involved in productions of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli
• contains most of the genes in eukaryotic cell. Some at mitochondria & chloroplast
• rRNA(ribosomes) synthesized here
• proteins +rRNA = submits of ribosomes

material consisting of DNA and proteinsl visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes

• make up by Chromotin
• carry genetic inf. in form of DNA
• human has 46 chromosomes and 23 sex cells

• Tiny complexes that make proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope
• make proteins in two cytoplasic
•        - free ribisomes - suspended in cytosol -> make most of the proteins 
•         - bound ribosomes - make proteins for insertion into membrane or for export from cell

• nuclear envelope, ER,Golgi apparatus, lysomes, vesicle, plasma membrane
• synthesis of proteins, transport protein into membrane and organelles or out of the cell
• metabolism
• movement of lipidsde
• toxacation of poisons

• network of emembranous sacs tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes
• rough ER & smooth ER

• diverse metabolic process
• synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrate
• detoxification
• steroids
• store calcium

• Proteins produced by ribosomes are attached
• Polypetides enter ER lumen -> glycoproteins(carbohydrates) -> ER membrane -> transport vesicles

• ER products are modified, receiving, storing, shipping, manufacturing
• consist of stacks of cisternae, flattened sacs
• receives and dispatched transport vesicles
• directionality w/ cis face(receiving vesicles) and trans face(dispatching vesicles)

• membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules.work best in the acidic environment found in lysosomes.made by Rough ER
• phagocytosis - digistive process
• autophagy -recycle the cell’s own organic material

• large vesicle derived from ER & Golgi apparatus
• Food vacuole - formed by phagoeytosis

• pump out excessive water to maintain conventration ion and molecules
• carry out enzymative hydrolysis
• hold reserve of imporntant organic compounds, poisons, pigments

• cell sap, plant's main resporitory of inorganic ions.
• major role on growth of plant cells by absorbing water

• Chemical energy conversion, cellular respiration, metabolic process to generate ATP
• double membrane with phoslipids bilayers
•   - outer = soft
•   -inner = cristae infolds -> give membrane large surface area
• Two parts :
•   - intermembrane space
•   - mitochondiral matris -> contains enzymes, DNA,m Ribosomes. Catalyze step of celluar respiration

• 3 parts : intermembrane space, and below
• Thylakoids - another membranous system in form of flattend sac(granum)
• Stroma - fluid outside thykaloid, contains DNA and ribosoms, enzymes

• Metabolic compartment bound by single membrane
• contains enzyme that remove hydrogen atoms
• use oxygen to break fatty acids , transfer to mitochodria as furl
• detoxify alchohol and harmful components
• Ex: glyxysomes

• Support and Motility
• network of fibers that organize structures and activities
• matin cell shapes
• work with motor proteins, plasma membrane to allow cells to move along fibers outside the cell
• 3 components:
• microtubules, microfilament, intermediate filament

• Compression ressit, Tubli
• Move fluid over the surface of tissue
• Flagella ( force in same direction)
• Cillia( force on perpendicular direction)
• 9-2 mobile 9-0 not
• dynein movement -> cross link proteins -> yes= cilium bend. no + cilium glide

• cell motility of muscle cells
• cortex- give outer cytoplasmic layer of cell
• myosin - motor protein help "walk" along the actin filament
• pseudophodia - extend actin into microfilament networks, sol -> gel
• cytoplasmic streaming - circular flow of cytoplas

• Permanent fixtures, disassemble and reassemble
• reinforce  the shape of cell-> specific function
• make up nuclear lamina

• matin shape, prevent water leakage
• microfibris synthesized by an enzyme -> embedded in a matris of polysacharides

• primary cell wall
• middle lamella- thin sticky polysaccharides (pectin)
• secondary cell wall

• glycoproteins and carbohydrates related molecules
• collage - most abundant glycoproteins in ECM, 40% of human proteins
• embeded in proteoflycens - protein with chains of carb.
• fubronectin bind integrins - > build into plasma membrane

• Tight Juntions
•    - plasma membrane are tightly pressed againts each other
•     - prevent leakage of fluid
• Demosome
•     - attach muscle cells, fastening together into strong sheets
• Gap Junctions
•      -similar to plasma membrane
•      - provide cytoplasmic channels
•      - nessary for communication between cells,