Brain and Behavior

Genetically programmed movements that are initiated by receptor stimulation and result in stereotyped movement patterns.

What are back-and-forth movements (like breathing or walking) that
are run by preprogrammed cyclic motor circuits called central pattern generators or CPGs?

elaborate genetically-programmed movement sequences that are
largely species specific and are preprogrammed, but are considerably
modified by experience.

What are movements that are learned through trial-and-error repetition and are initiated by one’s decisions (in the lateral prefrontal cortex).

Upper motor neurons include:
A)__ cortex for voluntary movements
B)__ motor centers for posture and balance movements

CNS CENTERS THAT INFLUENCE UPPER MOTOR NEURON SYSTEMS include:
1)areas of the ___ cortex
2)___ ___
3) ____
These areas are involved in ___ and ____ of motor sequences.

What are the two types of lower motor neurons and their targets?

What consists of all motor neurons that supply a single muscle?

Neurons of the spinal motor control system are located mainly in the ____ ___. They include 1) and 2).

What are two ways that the spinal motor networks can be recruited?

After a transection of the spinal cord and a period of spinal shock, spinal reflexes can be initiated ____ the level of the lesion by receptor stimulation.

Correction of balance need to be super fast which is why the afferent fibers of the stretch receptors synapse immediately in the ___ horn of the spinal cord.

Stretch receptor cells are located in the ___ ____.

Within the muscle spindle, specialized receptors called ____ fibers are joined by connective tissue to neighboring force generating ____ fibers that shorten the whole muscle.

____ receptors have ion channels that open in response to deformation of the cell membrane.

Each stretch receptor cell (aka IFF) contains:
___ in the central part of the cell
___ in the distal part of the cell

The intrafusal fibers in a stretch receptor cell change the length of the distal ends of the cell during ____ in parallel with changes in the length of neighboring EFFs that have been ordered by higher motor centers. This simultaneous relaxation or contraction of intrafusal fibers prevents the central, receptor part of stretch receptor cell from detecting/ correcting ___ movements.

True or False
Upper motor neurons send orders to alpha motor neurons only.

The simultaneous and proportional contraction/ relaxation of EFFs and IFFs of a muscle is called :

Clinically, dynamic stretch receptors are important in evaluating ___ ___ while static stretch receptors are important for evaluating __ __.

The ___ ___ is used by brainstem tonically-active cells to establish and maintain a baseline or resting muscle tone.

Clinically, on stroking the upper medial thigh, the _ipsi or contra?___ cremaster muscle contracts to “elevate
the testis” away from the stimulus. This reflex involves: cutaneous receptors of and afferent fibers
from the __ dermatome (ilioinguinal nerve); synapses at the L 1-2 levels of the spinal cord; motor
fibers to the cremaster muscle (L1-2, genitofemoral nerve). This is a clinical test for function of
peripheral and CNS levels __ and ___.

Stroking the upper abdominals tests for reflexes at what levels?

Stroking the lower muscles of the abdominal area tests for the reflexes at what level?

Spinal central pattern generators (CPGs) are hardwired circuits for what type of movement??

CPG triggers include fibers from ___ __ and ____ motor centers.

Spinal CPGs include:
_____ (upper cervical cord)
_____(cervical cord)
_____(lumbar spinal cord)

Triggers for breathing movements include: ___ receptors in breathing muscles; ____ respiratory centers that integrate input from blood gases. The ___ cortex serves as a controller to voluntarily control respiratory rate and coordinate breathing with speech.

Triggers for walking (locomotor CPGs) include:____receptors in the plantar (lower) surface of the foot; input from higher “locomotion centers.” The ____ cortex serves as a controller.

All brainstem motor nuclei are located in the base. T or F

The GSE and GVE motor nuclei will be located in the ____ area in the tegmentum of the brainstem.

Most BE motor nuclei in the brainstem are located in the reticular formation. T or F?

All brainstem levels contain GSE and BE motor nuclei. T or F

The midbrain contains the __ motor nuclei for eyeball and eyelid movement.

The caudal pons contains ___ motor nuclei for eyeball muscles and ___ motor nuclei for facial muscles.

The rostral pons contains ___ motor nuclei for jaw muscles.

The GSE motor nuclei of the medulla control the muscles of the ____ while the BE nuclei control the muscles of the ____.

The oculomotor nucleus (GSE, CN 3) is located in the ____ _____ in the ventral periaqueductal gray. The nerve roots exit medially.

When there is a lesion of the oculomotor nerve in rostral midbrain what deficits would be observed?

A vascular lesion of the posterior cerebral artery in the rostral midbrain would affect what cranial nerve?

The trochlear nucleus (CN 6) is located where in the brainstem?

Trochlear Nucleus GSE innervates the _____ ____ ____muscle and cross the midline to exit ____.

A lesion of the trochlear nucleus or fibers results in:

A vascular lesion of the posterior cerebral or superior cerebellar artery in the caudal midbrain will result in a deficit to what nerve? What will be the clinical deficit

The trigeminal motor nucleus is located where? What is the blood supply to this region? A lesion of the this area will result in what clinical deficits?

The abducens nucleus is located where? What is the blood supply? What clinical deficit would occur when this area is lesioned?

The facial motor nucleus is located where? The blood supply to this region is the? Clinical deficits will be?

Failure to close one's eyelids upon touching the cornea (the corneal reflex) indicates a lesion of either the ___ nerve which is the afferent nerve or the ____ which is the motor nerve.

The hypoglossal nucleus is located where? What is the blood supply? The clinical deficits from a lesion in this region would be???

The nucleus ambiguous is located where? What is the blood supply to this area? What are the clinical deficits associated with a lesion of this nucleus?

The Accessory nucleus is located where? What is the blood supply? What are the clinical deficits?

What is the main reflex used to evaluate midbrain function in comatose patients?

What nuclei are important for the pupillary light reflex?

The afferent limb of the pupillary light reflex is cranial nerve __ while the efferent limb in cranial nerve __.

The corneal reflex elicits a bilateral response by stimulating both ____ nuclei. This can evaluate the function at the level of the _____ in the brainstem. What nucleus is important in this reflex?

The jaw jerk reflex bilaterally stimulates the efferent fibers of cranial nerve __. This tests functioning at the level of the ____ in the brainstem. What nucleus is important in this reflex?

The gag reflex bilaterally stimulates the efferent limbs of cranial nerves ___ and ___. This tests for function at the level of the ___ in the brainstem. What nucleus is important in this reflex?

The vestibulo-Ocular reflex is a bilateral excitement of what nerves/ nuclei?

The pontine breathing center coordinates the movement of the cranial and thoracic muscles bysending signals to the medullary and spinal __ ___ __.