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Language
primary means of communication, spoken and written
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Call Systems
communication systems of nonhuman primates
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Cultural Transmission
transmission through learning, basic to language
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Productivity
creating new expressions that are comprehensible to other speakers
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describing things and events that are not present; basic to language
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Kinesics
study of communication through body movements and facial expressions
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Phonology
study of a language's phonemics and phonetics
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Morphology
linguistic study of morphemes and word construction
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Lexicon
vocabulary; all the morphemes in a language and their meanings
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Syntax
arrangement of words in phrases and sentences
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Phoneme
smallest sound contrast that distinguishes meaning
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Phonetics
study of speech sounds - what people actually say
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Phonemics
study of sound contrasts (phonemes) in a language
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
idea that different languages produce different patterns of thought
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Focal Vocabulary
set of words describing particular domains (foci) of experience
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Ethnosemantics
study of lexical (vocabulary) categories and contrasts
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Semantics
a language's meaning system
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Style Shifts
varying one's speech in different social contexts
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Diglossia
language with "high" and "low" dialects
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Honorifics
terms of respect
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Black English Vernacular (BEV)
rule-governed dialect spoken by some African Americans
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Vernacular
ordinary, casual speech
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Homonyms
words that sound the same but have different meanings
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Subgroups
(linguistics) closely related languages
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Historical Linguistics
study of languages over time
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Daughter Languages
languages sharing a common parent language (i.e. Latin)
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Protolanguage
language ancestral to several daughter languages
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they can't combine the calls for food and danger into a single utterance
Research on communication skills of nonhuman primates reveals that ___.
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Cultural Transmission
When Washoe and Lucy tried to teach sign language to other chimps, this was an example of ___ ___.
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mutation / linguistic / cultural abilities
Recent research on the origin of language suggests that a ___ in humans (150K y.a.) may have conferred selective advantages (___ and ___ ___).
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They may convey or imply a status difference between the speaker and the person being referred to or addressed.
Why would sociolinguists be interested in studying the use of honorifics?
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changes in culture produce changes in language and thought rather than the reverse.
(as opposed to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)
Studies on the differences between female and male Americans inregard to the color terms they use suggest that ___.
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Symbolic Domination
Pierre Bourdieu's term: In a stratified society, even people who do not speak the prestige dialect tend to accept it as "standard" or superior.
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500 / 7,000
The world's linguistic diversity has been cut in half in the past ___ years, and half of the remaining ___ laguages are predicted to disappear during this century.
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Ethnic Group
one among several culturally distinct groups in a society or region
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Ethnicity
identification with an ethnic group
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Status
any position that determines where someone fits in society
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Ascribed Statuses
social statuses based on little or no choice (i.e. age)
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Achieved Statuses
Social statuses based on choices or accomplishments
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Race
ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis
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Racism
discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis
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Racial Classification
assigning organisms to categories (purportedly) based on common ancestry
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Phenotype
characteristics that are physically visible
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Descent
social identity based on ancestry
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Hypodescent
children assigned to same group as minority parent
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Stratified
class-structured, with differences in wealth, prestige, and power
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Nation
society sharing a language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship
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State
stratefied society with formal, central government
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Nation-State
an autonomous political entity, a country
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Nationalities
ethnic groups that have, once had, or want their own country
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Colonialism
long-term foreign domination of a territory and its people
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Assimilation
absorption of minorities within a dominant culture
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Plural Society
Society with economically interdependent ethnic groups
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Multiculturalism
view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining
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Prejudice
devaluing a group because of its assumed attributes
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Stereotypes
fixed ideas about what members of a group are like
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Discrimination
policies and practices that harm a group and its members
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Genocide
deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder
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Ethnocide
destruction of cultures of certain ethnic groups
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Refugees
people who flee a country to escape persecution of war
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Cultural Colonialism
internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others
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Situational Negotiation of Social Identity
when claimed or perceived identity varies depending on the audience
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human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop such discrete groups.
Humanity lacks "races/breeds" because ___.
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genetic basis
Phenotypical similarities and differences don't necessariyl have a ___ ___.
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increasingly focusing their attention on explaining why specific biological variations occur.
Rather than attempting to classify humans into racial categories, biologists and anthropologists are ___.
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Historically in Brazil, freed offspring of master and slave filled many intermediate positions in the emerging Brazilian economy.
What historical fact helps to explain the differences between American and Brazilian social constructions of race?
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Adaptive Strategy
means of making a living; productive system
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Correlation
association; when one variable changes, another does, too
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Band
basic social unit among foragers; less than 100 people - may split seasonally
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Horticulture
nonindustrial plant cultivation with fallowing
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Agriculture
cultivation using land and labor continuously and intensively
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Cultivation Continuum
continuum of land and labor use
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Pastoralists
herders of domesticated animals
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Nomadism, Pastoral
annual movement of entire pastoral group with herds
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Transhumance
only part of population moves seasonally with herds
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Economy
system of resource production, distribution, and consumption
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Mode of Production
specific set of social relations that organizes labor
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Means (Factors) of Production
major productive resource (i.e. land, labor, capital, technology)
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Redistribution
flow of goods into center, then back out; characteristic of chiefdoms
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Reciprocity
principle governing exchanges among social equals
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Market Principle
buying, selling, and valuation based on supply and demand
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Reciprocity Continuum
runs from generalized (closely related/deferred return) to negative (strangers/ immediate return) reciprocity.
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Generalized Reciprocity
Exchanges among closely related individuals
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Balanced Reciprocity
Midpoint on reciprocity continuum, between generalized and negative
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Negative Reciprocity
potentially hostile exchanges among strangers
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Potlatch
competitive feast on North Pacific Coast of North America
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stratification
Ceremonial redistribution of material goods inhibits ___.
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kin-based
In nonindustrial societies, a ___ mode of production prevails.
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they suggest correlations
Typologies are useful tools of analysis because ___.
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separation from the product of one's labor
Economic alienation in industrial societies comes about as a result of ___.
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