ANTH 101 CH 5-7

primary means of communication, spoken and written

communication systems of nonhuman primates

transmission through learning, basic to language

creating new expressions that are comprehensible to other speakers

describing things and events that are not present; basic to language

study of communication through body movements and facial expressions

study of a language's phonemics and phonetics

linguistic study of morphemes and word construction

vocabulary; all the morphemes in a language and their meanings

arrangement of words in phrases and sentences

smallest sound contrast that distinguishes meaning

study of speech sounds - what people actually say

study of sound contrasts (phonemes) in a language

idea that different languages produce different patterns of thought

set of words describing particular domains (foci) of experience

study of lexical (vocabulary) categories and contrasts

a language's meaning system

varying one's speech in different social contexts

language with "high" and "low" dialects

terms of respect

rule-governed dialect spoken by some African Americans

ordinary, casual speech

words that sound the same but have different meanings

(linguistics) closely related languages

study of languages over time

languages sharing a common parent language (i.e. Latin)

language ancestral to several daughter languages

Research on communication skills of nonhuman primates reveals that ___.

When Washoe and Lucy tried to teach sign language to other chimps, this was an example of ___ ___.

Recent research on the origin of language suggests that a ___ in humans (150K y.a.) may have conferred selective advantages (___ and ___ ___).

Why would sociolinguists be interested in studying the use of honorifics?

Studies on the differences between female and male Americans inregard to the color terms they use suggest that ___.

Pierre Bourdieu's term: In a stratified society, even people who do not speak the prestige dialect tend to accept it as "standard" or superior.

The world's linguistic diversity has been cut in half in the past ___ years, and half of the remaining ___ laguages are predicted to disappear during this century.

one among several culturally distinct groups in a society or region

identification with an ethnic group

any position that determines where someone fits in society

social statuses based on little or no choice (i.e. age)

Social statuses based on choices or accomplishments

ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis

discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis

assigning organisms to categories (purportedly) based on common ancestry

characteristics that are physically visible

social identity based on ancestry

children assigned to same group as minority parent

class-structured, with differences in wealth, prestige, and power

society sharing a language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship

stratefied society with formal, central government

an autonomous political entity, a country

ethnic groups that have, once had, or want their own country

long-term foreign domination of a territory and its people

absorption of minorities within a dominant culture

Society with economically interdependent ethnic groups

view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining

devaluing a group because of its assumed attributes

fixed ideas about what members of a group are like

policies and practices that harm a group and its members

deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder

destruction of cultures of certain ethnic groups

people who flee a country to escape persecution of war

internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others

when claimed or perceived identity varies depending on the audience

Humanity lacks "races/breeds" because ___.

Phenotypical similarities and differences don't necessariyl have a ___ ___.

Rather than attempting to classify humans into racial categories, biologists and anthropologists are ___.

What historical fact helps to explain the differences between American and Brazilian social constructions of race?

means of making a living; productive system

association; when one variable changes, another does, too

basic social unit among foragers; less than 100 people - may split seasonally

nonindustrial plant cultivation with fallowing

cultivation using land and labor continuously and intensively

continuum of land and labor use

herders of domesticated animals

annual movement of entire pastoral group with herds

only part of population moves seasonally with herds

system of resource production, distribution, and consumption

specific set of social relations that organizes labor

major productive resource (i.e. land, labor, capital, technology)

flow of goods into center, then back out; characteristic of chiefdoms

principle governing exchanges among social equals

buying, selling, and valuation based on supply and demand

runs from generalized (closely related/deferred return) to negative (strangers/ immediate return) reciprocity.

Exchanges among closely related individuals

Midpoint on reciprocity continuum, between generalized and negative

potentially hostile exchanges among strangers

competitive feast on North Pacific Coast of North America

Ceremonial redistribution of material goods inhibits ___.

In nonindustrial societies, a ___ mode of production prevails.

Typologies are useful tools of analysis because ___.

Economic alienation in industrial societies comes about as a result of ___.