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faulkner116
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What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
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Vitamin D is based on
cholesterol
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Vitamin A is synthesized from
carotenes; carrots are high in carotenes; other foods that are rich in carotenes are yello or orange in color, such as squash and tomatoes
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The function of Vitamin E is not well-understood, but it is thought to protect
cells from free radical damage
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What are the 3 major classes of lipoproteins?
VLDL= very low density lipoprotein
LDL= low density lipoprotein
HDL= high density lipoprotein
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The higher the lipid content, the
more bad the health effects are.
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The lower the lipid content, the
more good it is on health effects
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VLDL is depositied in what tissue
adipose tissue
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HDL is believed to exert a
protective effect.
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HDL is increased by
exercise
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Lipoproteins differ in
density, and are believed to have different effects on health.
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Lipid is less dense than
water; that is why oil floats on water.
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The monomer that makes up proteins is an
amino acid
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Small strings of amino acids are generally called
polypeptides
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Proteins are
polymers of amino acids joined by dehydration synthesis
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What two functional groups on amino acids which participate in the formation of peptide bonds?
- Amino Group
- -NH2 (when uncharged)
- -NH3+ (when charged)
- Carboxyl Group
- -COOH (when uncharged)
- -COO- (when charged) ionized
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Explain the peptide bond as a form of dehydration synthesis
Removing of two hydrogens and one oxygen to make water, a peptide bond results and binds the nitrogen to a carbon.
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Polymers of amino acids are formed through the
peptide bond
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Two amino acids, one peptide bond
Dipeptide
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Three amino acids, two peptide bonds
Tripeptide
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Lots of amino acids, lots of peptiode bonds
polypeptide
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Anything larger that 3000 to 10,000 daltons molecular weight (30 to 100 amino acids) would be called
proteins
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Proteins are synthesized in a specialized cell machine called
ribosome
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Enzymes called _________ or ___________ break peptide bonds by hydolysis
peptidases; proteases
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The 20 amino acids all have one amino end and one carboxy end. The difference is in the
R group
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R is just shorthand for
a chemical grouping (can be simple or complex)
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What are oddball amino acids?
- Small
- Disulfide Bonds
- Kinky
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Cysteine, with its -R group containing a sulfhydryl (-SH), forms
Disulfide bonds
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What residues put hairpin turns (kinks) in a protein;s structure
Proline
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What are used for signaling molecules between cells?
- Aspartate
- Glutamate
- Glycine
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