-
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
-
Vitamin D is based on
cholesterol
-
Vitamin A is synthesized from
carotenes; carrots are high in carotenes; other foods that are rich in carotenes are yello or orange in color, such as squash and tomatoes
-
The function of Vitamin E is not well-understood, but it is thought to protect
cells from free radical damage
-
What are the 3 major classes of lipoproteins?
VLDL= very low density lipoprotein
LDL= low density lipoprotein
HDL= high density lipoprotein
-
The higher the lipid content, the
more bad the health effects are.
-
The lower the lipid content, the
more good it is on health effects
-
VLDL is depositied in what tissue
adipose tissue
-
HDL is believed to exert a
protective effect.
-
HDL is increased by
exercise
-
Lipoproteins differ in
density, and are believed to have different effects on health.
-
Lipid is less dense than
water; that is why oil floats on water.
-
The monomer that makes up proteins is an
amino acid
-
Small strings of amino acids are generally called
polypeptides
-
Proteins are
polymers of amino acids joined by dehydration synthesis
-
What two functional groups on amino acids which participate in the formation of peptide bonds?
- Amino Group
- -NH2 (when uncharged)
- -NH3+ (when charged)
- Carboxyl Group
- -COOH (when uncharged)
- -COO- (when charged) ionized
-
Explain the peptide bond as a form of dehydration synthesis
Removing of two hydrogens and one oxygen to make water, a peptide bond results and binds the nitrogen to a carbon.
-
Polymers of amino acids are formed through the
peptide bond
-
Two amino acids, one peptide bond
Dipeptide
-
Three amino acids, two peptide bonds
Tripeptide
-
Lots of amino acids, lots of peptiode bonds
polypeptide
-
Anything larger that 3000 to 10,000 daltons molecular weight (30 to 100 amino acids) would be called
proteins
-
Proteins are synthesized in a specialized cell machine called
ribosome
-
Enzymes called _________ or ___________ break peptide bonds by hydolysis
peptidases; proteases
-
The 20 amino acids all have one amino end and one carboxy end. The difference is in the
R group
-
R is just shorthand for
a chemical grouping (can be simple or complex)
-
What are oddball amino acids?
- Small
- Disulfide Bonds
- Kinky
-
Cysteine, with its -R group containing a sulfhydryl (-SH), forms
Disulfide bonds
-
What residues put hairpin turns (kinks) in a protein;s structure
Proline
-
What are used for signaling molecules between cells?
- Aspartate
- Glutamate
- Glycine
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