A&P Chp. 7

What are the four types of bones based on shape?

What are the two types of bones based on shape?

What is the functional unit of compact bone?

Cancellous bone is characterized by these needle-like structures.

The open spaces of the trabecullae is partially filled with...

What are the two main structural components of a long bone?

What is the main function of long bones?

What part of long bones will you find red bone marrow?

What is the main function of the epiphyses of long bones?

Layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surface of epiphyses.

What is the main function of articular cartilage?

This part of the long bone has the following characteristics:

Dense, white, fibrous membrane that covers bone Attaches muscle tendons firmly to bones
Contains cells that form (osteoblasts) and destroy (osteoclasts) bone
Contains blood vessels important in growth and repair
Contains blood vessels that send branches into bone (through volkman’s canals & Haversian canals)
Essential for bone cell survival and bone formation

What is the main function of the periosteum of long bones?

Thin epithelial membrane that lines medullary cavity of long bones.

Spaces inside cancellous bone of a few irregular and flat bones are filled with...

Bone tissue is the most distinctive form of this type of tissue.

Components of bone tissue that are hard and calcified.

What characteristic of bone allows it to serve its supportive and protective functions.

What is bone's tensile strength nearly equal to at less than one third the weight.

What are the two general components of bone matrix?

Highly specialized chemical crystals of calcium and phosphate in the bone matrix that contribute to bone hardness.

Besides calcium and phosphate, what other two inorganic salts are found in the bone matrix?

Composite of collagenous fibers and an amorphous mixture of protein and polysaccharides in the organic portion of the bone matrix.

Ground substance is secreted by...

The function of the organic portion of bone matrix is that it...

These transverse canals connect to the Haversian canals that run lengthwise through the bone.

What are the main functions of osteons?

What are the four structures that make up each osteon?

Concentric, cylinder-shaped layers of calcified matrix.

Small spaces containing tissue fluid in which bone cells are located between hard layers of the lamella.

Ultrasmall canals radiating in all directions from the lacunae and connecting them to each other and to the Haversian canal.

Extends lengthwise through the center of each osteon and contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

How are nutrients delivered and waste products removed in cancellous bone?

Where do bone cells get their blood supply?

Bone-forming cells found in all bone surfaces.

Bone cell with the following characteristics:

Bone-destroying cells found also on bone surface
Giant multinucleate cells
Responsible for the active erosion of bone minerals
Contain large numbers of mitochondria and lysosomes

Mature, nondividing osteoblast surrounded by matrix, lying within lacunae.

Osteoblasts synthesize and secrete...

Bone marrow is made of this specialized type of soft, diffuse connective tissue.

Where are blood cells produced?

Where are yellow and red bone marrow located?

The two types of bone marrow.

True or False.  Red marrow is found in virtually all bones in an infant’s or child’s body.

As an individual ages, red marrow is replaced by...

What does yellow marrow become saturated with?

Does yellow marrow produce blood cells?

What are the main bones in an adult that still contain red marrow?

What three instances does yellow marrow alter to red marrow?

What are the five main functions of bone?

Term for blood cell formation that is carried out by myeloid tissue.

What percent of calcium reserves are stored in the skeletal system?

How is homeostasis of calcium maintained in the blood?

What four things make homeostasis of calcium ion concentration essential:

What two hormones regulate calcium homeostasis?

What hormone is the primary regulator of calcium homeostasis?

How does parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels (3 things)?

Protein hormone produced in the thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium levels (it decreases blood calcium levels).

What two things does calcitonin do to decrease blood calcium levels?

Is calcitonin as important as parathyroid hormone in the regulation of calcium homeostasis?

Combined action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts to mold bones into adult shape.

Type of osteogenesis that occurs within a connective tissue membrane.

Intramembranous ossification is osteogenesis for what two bone types?

Type of osteogenesis that forms the long bones and compact bone.

Type of osteogenesis where most bones begin as a cartilage model, with bone formation spreading essentially from the center to the ends.

Cartilage plage that is between the epiphysis and the diaphysis and allows growth to occur; sometimes referred to as a growth plate.

What are the four layers of the epiphyseal plate from top to bottom?

The term that describes the following:

-Bones grow in diameter by the combined action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
-Osteoclasts enlarge the diameter of the medullary cavity
-Osteoblasts from the periosteum build new bone around the outside of the bone

Blood clot occurring immediately after the fracture, is then resorbed and replaced by callus.

This initiates repair of fractures.

Specialized repair tissue that binds the broken ends of the fracture together.

Is cartilage vascular or avascular?

How do chondrocytes receive oxygen and nutrients?

What is responsible for appositional cartilage growth?

What are the three types of cartilage?

What is the most common type of cartilage?

This type of cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones.

This type of cartilage forms the costal cartilages, cartilage rings in the trachea, bronchi  of the lungs, and the tip of the nose. 

Type of cartilage that forms external ear, epiglottis, and eustachian tubes

Strongest type of cartilage.

Type of cartilage that occurs in symphysis pubis and intervertebral disks.

What are three functions of cartilage?

Name the type of cartilage growth:

-Cartilage cells divide and secrete additional matrix
-Seen during childhood and early adolescence while cartilage is still soft and capable of expansion from within

Cartilage growth following following mitosis and secretion of matrix by chondrocytes; interstitial growth of epiphyseal plate results in growth in length of long bones.

What are the two types of cartilage growth?

Name the type of cartilage growth:

-Chondrocytes in the deep layer of the perichondrium divide and secrete matrix
-New matrix is deposited on the surface, increasing its size
-Unusual in early childhood but, once initiated, continues throughout life

Most bones of the body are formed from cartilage models in a process called...

Calcification of the organic bone matrix occurs when:

Until bone growth in length is complete, a layer of the cartilage, known as the _____, remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis.

Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete...

Compact bone contains many cylinder-shaped structural units called:

Scapulae are example of ____ bones.

The patella is an example of a ____ bone.

The carpal is an example of a ____ bone.

Vertebra is an example of an ____ bone.

The cells that produce the organic matrix in bone are:

The primary ossification center is located in the:

Secondary ossification centers are located in the:

Bone loss normally begins to exceed bone gain between the ages of:

When bones have grown their full length, the epypheseal plate...