Describe the cartilages and the vocal cords of the larynx
8 Hyaline Cartilages
1 Elastic - Epiglottis (guardian of the airway)
2 sets of vocal cords
Superior: vestibular folds, false vocal cords
Inferior: true vocal cords vibrate with expelled air for speech
*attached posterolaterally by small triangular arytenoid cartilages*
*space between VC called the glottis
* there is also hyaline cartilager in the nasal septum
describe the four steps in respiration
1. Pulmonary Ventilation: breathing/O2 and CO2 in and out of lungs
2. External Respiration: gas exchange between blood and lungs, O2 loading and CO2 unloading
3. Transport: O2 between lungs and tissues with blood as the vehicle
4. Internal Respiration: exchange of gas between blood and tissue cells (O2 unloading, CO2 loading)
what is the major role of the respiratory system?
to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
The upper respiratory system is composed of...
the nose, pharynx, and larynx
How does the help the respiratory system?
The nasal conchae increase air turbulence, moisten, and warm air. The air is filtered through the nasal mucosa
Decribe the three portions of the pharynx
1. Nasopharynx: above the soft palate, AIR PASSAGE. Pharyngeal tonsils posterior superiorly. Auditory tubes with tubal tonsils surrounding opening
2. Oropharynx: from the soft palate to the inferior part of epiglottis, PASSAGE FOR FOOD AND AIR, lateral walls are the palatine tonsils and the lingual tonsils cover the base of the tongue
3. Laryngopharynx: PASSAGE FOR FOOD AND AIR, directly posterior to the upright epiglottis to the larynx where the channels split between respiratory and digestive
*trachealis muscle in back as well as tracheal membrane
what keeps the primary bronchi open?
The carina (like a bikini bottom at the end of trachea)
What attaches to the lungs at an ident? What is this indent called?
Called the Hilum
The ROOT attaches there
1. Pulomary arteries and veins
2. Primary Bronchi
Describe the difference between the right and left primary bronchi
Right: wider, shorter, more vertical
*foreign objects tend to get stuck on this side
What is the function of the uncomplete "C" rings of tracheal cartilage?
Incomplete part allows esophogus to expand when swallowing
solid portions reinforce the tracheal walls to keep airways open reguardless of pressure changes while breathing
Describe the relationship between terminal and respiratory bronchioles. What makes bronchioles different than bronchi other than their size?
Terminal bronchioles lead to respiratory bronchioles that turn into alveolar ducts, then alveolar sacs, and aleveoli
bronchioles do not have hyaline cartilage plates like bronchi, but smooth muscle instead. this allows resistance if necessary (or asthma)
the continous branching is called the respiratory tree
Name this slide, its parts, and its functions
Lung tissue. Functions in gas exchange
1. Terminal Bronchiole
2. Respiratory Bronchiole
3. Alveolar Duct
4. End of alveolar duct
5. Alveolar Sac
6. Alveoli
What are the respiratory zone structures?
collectively: the alveolar sacs, the alveolar ducts, and the respiratory bronchioles
*they are called this because they are the site of gas exchange. all other passageways are called the conducting zone structures(anatomical dead space)*
Whats the difference between the right and left lobes of the lungs?
The right lung has 3 lobes while the left has 2
the right lung is larger
left lung has the cardiac notch where heart sits in mediastinum
What encloses the lungs?
A double layered sac called the PLEURA
Parietal pleura: outer layer attached to diaphram lines cavity
Visceral pleura: inner layer covering lungs
Separated by the pleural cavity: holds lungs to thorax and lessens friction during breathing by serous fluid
What structural characteristics make alveoli the perfect place for gas exchange?
The large surface area of THIN SIMPLE SQUAMOUS CELL MEMBRANE surrounded by capillaries
What is the respiratory membrane?
The air blood barrier
alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminae
Name this tissue and its parts
Bronchiole
Name this tissue and its parts
Larynx marked by hyaline cartilage (bottom)
Name this tissue and its parts
Name this tissue and its parts
Trachea ciliated pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells