Lab A&P II: Respiratory Anatomy

It covers/lines

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Function: moist, protective, transport

Found in: serous tissue, ALVEOLI, arteries/veins/capillary linings, parietal and visceral linings

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Function: moist, protective, transports

Found in: mouth, esophogus, skin, openings to the enviornment (nostrils/nares*)

• Pseudostratified Columnar (ciliated with goblet cells)
• *all different heights, but all attach to the basement membrane

Functions: secrete or absorb

Found in: ciliated with goblets- entire upper respiratory tract including trachea and bronchi; nasal epithelium

*after bronchi, there it is no longer ciliated and may become cuboidal in bronchioles

Simple Columnar Epithelium with goblet cells

Goblet cells: secrete mucus

Found in: entire digestive tract from stomache to anal region

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

function: secretion and absorption

Found in: ducts (bile), kidney tubules, MAY LINE THE BRONCHIOLES

Nares--> Nasal Cavity (Nasal Conchae)-->Pharynx (Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx)-->Larynx-->Glottis-->Trachea-->Primary Bronchi-->20-23 divisions of bronchi-->bronchioles-->alveolar ducts-->alveoli

• 8 Hyaline Cartilages
• 1 Elastic - Epiglottis (guardian of the airway)

• 2 sets of vocal cords
• Superior: vestibular folds, false vocal cords
• Inferior: true vocal cords vibrate with expelled air for speech
• *attached posterolaterally by small triangular arytenoid cartilages*

*space between VC called the glottis

* there is also hyaline cartilager in the nasal septum

1. Pulmonary Ventilation: breathing/O₂ and CO₂ in and out of lungs

2. External Respiration: gas exchange between blood and lungs, O₂ loading and CO₂ unloading

3. Transport: O₂ between lungs and tissues with blood as the vehicle

4. Internal Respiration: exchange of gas between blood and tissue cells (O₂ unloading, CO₂ loading)

to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

the nose, pharynx, and larynx

The nasal conchae increase air turbulence, moisten, and warm air.  The air is filtered through the nasal mucosa

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• 1. Nasopharynx: above the soft palate, AIR PASSAGE. Pharyngeal tonsils posterior superiorly.  Auditory tubes with tubal tonsils surrounding opening

2. Oropharynx: from the soft palate to the inferior part of epiglottis, PASSAGE FOR FOOD AND AIR, lateral walls are the palatine tonsils and the lingual tonsils cover the base of the tongue

3. Laryngopharynx: PASSAGE FOR FOOD AND AIR, directly posterior to the upright epiglottis to the larynx where the channels split between respiratory and digestive

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• hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, adams apple/laryngeal prominence, epiglottis, arytenoid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, tracheal cartilages, vestibular fold/false VC, Vocal fold/true VC
• *trachealis muscle in back as well as tracheal membrane

The carina (like a bikini bottom at the end of trachea)

Called the Hilum

• The ROOT attaches there
• 1. Pulomary arteries and veins
• 2. Primary Bronchi
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• Right: wider, shorter, more vertical
• *foreign objects tend to get stuck on this side

Incomplete part allows esophogus to expand when swallowing

solid portions reinforce the tracheal walls to keep airways open reguardless of pressure changes while breathing

Terminal bronchioles lead to respiratory bronchioles that turn into alveolar ducts, then alveolar sacs, and aleveoli

bronchioles do not have hyaline cartilage plates like bronchi, but smooth muscle instead.  this allows resistance if necessary (or asthma)

the continous branching is called the respiratory tree

Lung tissue. Functions in gas exchange

• 1. Terminal Bronchiole
• 2. Respiratory Bronchiole
• 3. Alveolar Duct
• 4. End of alveolar duct
• 5. Alveolar Sac
• 6. Alveoli

collectively: the alveolar sacs, the alveolar ducts, and the respiratory bronchioles 

*they are called this because they are the site of gas exchange. all other passageways are called the conducting zone structures(anatomical dead space)*

The right lung has 3 lobes while the left has 2

the right lung is larger

left lung has the cardiac notch where heart sits in mediastinum

A double layered sac called the PLEURA

Parietal pleura: outer layer attached to diaphram lines cavity

Visceral pleura: inner layer covering lungs

Separated by the pleural cavity: holds lungs to thorax and lessens friction during breathing by serous fluid

The large surface area of THIN SIMPLE SQUAMOUS CELL MEMBRANE surrounded by capillaries

The air blood barrier 

• alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminae
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• Bronchiole
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• Larynx marked by hyaline cartilage (bottom)
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• Trachea ciliated pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells
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