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A scientific hypothesis is
An educated guess explaining an observation
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A scientific theory is
A major explanation that has been supported by many and diverse lines of evidence
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Conducting controlled, repeated manipulations of nature results in
Rejection of hypothesis
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Which variable is manipulated by the experimenter in a controlled experiment?
Independent variable
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What is shared by all life-forms on Earth?
Using DNA for reproduction
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Natural selection
Tends to make a whole population better adapted to its surroundings
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An organ in the human body
Has a particular shape and unique location in the body
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The biome
Extends over large regions of Earth that share similar climate and plant communities
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Correlation is not causation
Just because something happens together does not mean that it is related.
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Biological hierarchy
- (cells → tissues → organs → individual)
- Smallest to largest
- Atom
- Molecule
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ system
- Individual
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biome
- Biosphere
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Strong correlation between the independent variable and the dependent variable are results of?
- A Scientific Experiment
- Fertilizer = dependent, Growth = independent
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Characteristics of a control group such as high mortality tells you about
The impact of the variable, such as low mortality
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Taking a prescription medicine models what step in the scientific method?
Hypothesis.
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What activities are stimulated by the germ theory?
Precautions to prevent disease-causing pathogens from spreading from an infected individual to an uninfected individual.
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The cell is the most basic form of?
Biology [LIFE]
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What separates the outside environment by a flexible membrane?
Cell Plasma Membrane
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What is evidence for the common ancestor of life?
Hypothesis supported by the observation that all cells in all living organisms use DNA to direct their structure, function, & behavior?
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Which organisms make their own energy?
Autotrophs/Producers
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Which organisms obtain their energy from other organism?
Heterotrophs/Consumers
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What is created by the interactions of 2 or more populations?
Community
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What is the advantage of mulitcellularity?
Specialized cells that can do a given job better than a general purpose cell.
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An organ is composed of?
2 or more tissues
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The biosphere includes?
All life forms & the spaces where they live(earth)
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What cannot be tested by the scientific method?
Questions about topics other than the natural world.
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What observations support the hypothesis that Pfiesteria kills fish?
A predicted increase in Pfiesteria populations coincided with a fish die-off
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Animals and fungi are more closely related to each other than either is to plants.
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A node (in the evolutionary tree) represents?
The most recent common ancestor of two or more descendantslineages (close relation)
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What are the 3 domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
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What are the 6 kingdoms?
Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
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Most bacteria are smaller than the average eukaryotic cell.
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Are Archeans found in the human body?
Yes
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What is quorum sensing?
It enables bacteria to communicate & form bio films (slime).
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Viruses lack the ability to acquire energy independently
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Is a phylum more broader & more inclusive category than order?
Yes, according to the Linnaean system ofclassification.
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A common ancestor is based on what diagram?
The evolutionary tree.
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What is used to construct the evolutionary tree?
Shared characteristics believed to have arisen in a common ancestor (features in common with their ancestors)
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Animalia and Fungi belong to what domain?
Eukarya
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What has more species than Class but less than Kingdom?
Phylum
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What is the Linnaean system of classification?
- Biggest to Smallest
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
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What lacks a nucleus that encloses the cell’s DNA?
Prokaryotes
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Prokaryote cells with lipid membranes are called?
Archaea cells
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Bacterica and Archaea are considered the most successful inhabitants of the planet because of?
Their adaptations that allow them to live in anyenvironment
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Halophiles (Archae) love what compound?
Salt
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What can survive in extremely hot climates (hot geysers)?
Archaens
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What shapes do bacteria cells have?
Rod, Sphere, or Corkscrew
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What organism can provide the nitrate necessary for plant nutrition?
Bacteria (can also be used to clean up oilspills)
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What organism inserts it’s genetic material (RNA) into a host cell’s DNA?
Viruses
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How do bacteria reproduce?
Binary Fission
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How are Eukaryotes different from Prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes have a nucleus
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What evolutionary innovation enables larger cell size?
Subcellular compartmentalization.
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What group contains only multicelluar species?
Bryophytes (ferns)
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What group consists entirely of autotrophic species?
Gymnosperms
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What kingdom is more diverse in modes of nutrition and life cycle characteristics than fungi are?
Protista
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Fungi grow by extending their?
Hyphae
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What evolutionary innovation enabled plants to become taller?
Cuticle
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Why are mycorrhizal fungi beneficial to plants?
Because they help in absorbing minerals.
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Do Prokaryotes sexually reproduce?
No, they acquire genetic information through lateral (or horizontal) gene transfer.
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What are red tides?
A population explosion of photosynthetic plankton (usually dinoflagellates)
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Why are Fungi heterotrophs?
They are absorptive heterotrophs with cells ways that have chitin & store glycogen
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How do plants obtain/retain water & fight gravity to grow taller?
- Root systems & waxy covering (cuticle)
- lignin to strengthen cell walls to grow taller
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What is a lichen?
- A mutualistic association between photosynthetic microbes and fungi (green alga & cyanobacterium)
- has no protective sheath or system to excrete waste/toxic substance
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Protista, Plante, and Fungi all have what in common?
They are all Eukaryotes
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What are the most ancient Eukaryotic fossils?
Red algae fossils
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How do Eukaryotes reproduce?
Through sexual reproduction which gives greater genetic variability between parents & offspring
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How are multicellular organisms unique?
Each specialized cell uses genes that are not expressed in other cells.
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What kingdom contains organisms that resemble animals/plants/fungi?
Protista
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What plant was the first to colonize land &does not have roots?
Mosses
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What is necessary for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide, water, and light energy
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What was the first kingdom to conquer land?
Plants
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What is the chief constituent of wood that bindsto cellulose fibers & hardens/strengthens the cell walls of plants to allowthem to extend upward?
Lignin
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Which kingdoms share the ability to photosynthesize?
Bacteria & Plants
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Which 2 plants groups provide their embryos with stored food that can support growth before photosynthesis beings?
Gymnosperms & Angiosperms
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What is the pollination of a carpel?
The arrival of the pollen grain on the female flower reproductive part (ovary)
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Which flowers rely on nocturnal pollinators (bats)?
Flowers that only open at night & closed during the day
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What part of the mushroom is larger than the above ground fruiting body (hyphae)?
Underground mycelium (main body –strands)
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What is mixotroph?
An organism that posses the ability to switch from photoautrotrophy to chemoheterotrophy.
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What specialized plant tissue transports water & dissolved nutrients?
Xylem
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Which animal group is the most abundant in number of individuals and number of species?
Insects
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Animals are:
Ingestive heterotrophs, have at least some specialized cell types & most animal cells are attached to an extracellular matrix.
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What structure maintains tissue integrity/communication?
The fiber-rich extracellular matrix (which their cells can attach)
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What group was the first to take to the air?
Certain reptiles
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The mouth does not develop from the blastopore in what organism?
The deuterostome
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Segmentation is beneficial to arthropods because:
It facilitates specialization among body parts
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Sponges are thought to lack true ____?
Tissues
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Chordates are distinguished from all other animals in that all of them have ________?
A dorsal nerve chord & post-anal tail
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What contains membranes that facilitate gas exchange?
An amniotic egg
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What challenges did insects face when the colonized land? And what evolutionary innovation did they develop in response?
Risked desiccation (drying out) & needed mechanical reinforcement of the body; develop chitin-reinforced exoskeleton to solve both problems.
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What is the evolutionary significance of the segmentation of the animal body?
It paved the way for the specialization of body segments & the appendages that arise from them. It propelled adaptation.
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What tissue types and organ systems enable locomotion in animals?
Muscle & nerve tissues
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What is the adaptive vale of locomotion?
Helps an animal capture prey, eat prey, avoid being captured, attract mates, care for young & migrate to new habitats.
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What evolutionary innovations adapted birds for flight?
Hollow bones, toothless beaks, reduced internal organs, & feathers
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How are mammals and birds similar?
They both are endotherms and homeotherms
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How do metamorphosis & incomplete metamorphosis differ?
Incomplete metamorphosis is gradual while metamorphosis is dramatic.
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What is the adaptive rationale for complete metamorphosis?
Two different modes of living allow greater variety & quantity of resources
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What unique adaptations do mammals possess for coping with cold and hot environments?
- Most mammals are endotherms & homeotherms (they use metabolic energy to generate heat & maintain a near constant body temperature)
- they can trap body heat with hair
- can raise hair to trap even more heat
- have sweat glands
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How do female monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians differ in nurturing their young?
- Monotremes lay eggs, hatch undeveloped
- Marsupials give birth to somewhat developed young, further developed in pouch
- Eutherians have longer gestation, giving birth to well developed young
- BUT ALL NURSE WITH MILK
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What is the developmental sequence after fertilization?
Zygote → Blastula → Gastrula
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What are the 3 germ layers?
- Ectoderm – outer surface (outer tissues/nervous)
- Endoderm – innermost (digestive)
- Mesoderm – near bloastopore (muscle & reproductive structures)
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All _______derive the anus from the blastopore?
Deuterostomes
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What system develops from the endoderm?
Digestive system
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What is Cephalization?
A body plan with anterior location of feeding and sensory structures
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How do parasites actively sense potential hostsor mates & move toward them?
The nervous system in communication with the muscular system
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What animal has a circulatory system & digestive system, but lacks a respiratory system?
The annelid EARTHWORM (segmentation)
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What do mollusks contribute to marine ecosystems?
Diversity
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What mollusk’s predatory lifestyle probably contributed to extraordinary intellectual development?
Cephalopod
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What phylum & class does the centipede belong to?
Arthropods & myriapods
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What is the carbohydrate found in an arthropod’s exoskeleton?
Chitin
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What do humans, birds, and frogs all have in common?
We’re all vertebrates
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Why have mammals been successful at reproduction?
The placenta for supporting growth of the embryo & the mammary gland for nourishing their young
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Which species innovated the amniotic egg?
Reptiles
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The amniotic egg reduces dependency on what environment?
Marine/water
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What structure initially insulated dinosaurs?
Feathers
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